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| Question | Answer |
| Restless Earth Earthquakes | Resless Earth Earthquakes |
| Describe the process of an earthquake | • At a destructive plate boundary sometimes plates can get 'stuck' together. • This causes pressure to build up. • Eventually the pressure is released, sending out seismic waves. • Seismic waves are released from the focus - the waves are stronger and cause more damage nearer the focus, damaging surrounding areas. This is how an earthquake occurs. |
| State the definition of an earthquake | An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground, that causes great destruction, due to the movements within the earth's crust. |
| State the definition of epicentre | The epicentre is the point on the earth's surface that is directly above the focus. |
| State the definition of focus | The focus is the point of origin of an earthquake. |
| Explain about the Mercalli Scale | The Mercalli Scale uses subjective descriptions of the resulting damage of an earthquake to measure its effects. It uses the scale from I to XII (meaning total destruction; objects have been thrown into the air; the land appears to be liquid and visibly rolling like waves. |
| Explain about the Richter Scale | The Richter Scale measures the amount of energy released during an earthquake. The scale starts at 1 and there is no upper limit to the scale (although there has never been a recording higher than 9.5). The scale is logarithmic, and the scale is measured with a seismometer. |
| What is a seismometer? | A machine with an arm that moves from the vibrations of the earth. |
| What is a logarithmic scale? | Each step in the scale is ten times greater than the previous number. For exampl, 2 on the sclae gives out 10 times more energy that 1. |
| Restless Earth Earthquake CASE STUDY HAITI (LEDC) | Restless Earth Earthquake CASE STUDY HAITI (LEDC) |
| State the causes of the Haiti earthquake | • Happened on the 12th January 2010, in Haiti (lower economically developed country). • Caused by a conservative plate margin between the North American plate and the Caribbean plate (both continental plates). • Epicentre was 15km south west of the capital Port-au-Prince. • Earthquake was measured 7 on the Richter Scale. |
| State the primary effects of the Haiti eathquake | • Minor tremors measured up to 5.0 on the Richter Scale. • 230,000 people were killed. • 2 million people were affected and 1.5 million were made homeless. • 180,000 homes were destroyed by the shaking. • The main prison was wrecked and 4000 prisoners escaped. |
| State the secondary effects of the Haiti earthquake | • 1 in 5 people lost their jobs because building were destroyed. Haiti's largest clothing industry was affected. • Large number of deaths meant that hospitals and morgues became full, therefore bodies had to be brought and piled onto the streets. • The large number of bodies meant that diseases, especially Cholera, became a serious problem. • It was difficult getting aid to the area because of issues at the airport, and poor management of the situation. • The total damage bill was $11.5 billion. |
| State the immediate responses of the Haiti earthquake | • Dominican Republic provided emergency water and medical supplies. • Emergency rescue teams arrived from a number of countries like Iceland. • Medical teams began treating the injured - temporary field hospitals were set up by organisations like the RED CROSS. • $100 million was given in aid by the USA and $330 million was given by the European Union. |
| State the long term responses of the Haiti Earthquake | • 1 million people are still without houses after 1 year, so they still have to live in aid camp. • Temporary schools were created and new teachers were trained. • Water and sanitation eventually supplied for 1.7 million people. • Several thousand moved away from Port-au-Prince permanently. |
| Restless Earth Earthquake CASE STUDY KOBE MEDC | Restless Earth Earthquake CASE STUDY KOBE MEDC |
| State the causes of the Kobe earthquake | • Happened on 17th January 1995, in Kobe, Japan (a more economically developed country) that was 20km from the epicentre. • Kobe is a heavily populated urban area in Japan. • This earthquake was caused by destructive subduction - this involved the Philippine plate (oceanic crust) subducting below the Eurasian plate (continental crust). The earthquake measured 7.4 on the Richter Scale. |
| State the primary effects of the Kobe earthquake | • 1,300 aftershocks • Approximately 6,000 people were killed. • 300,000 people were made homeless. • 102,000 homes were destroyed. • 35,000 people were injured. • Buildings and bridges collapsed despite their earthquake-proof design. |
| State the secondary effects of the Kobe earthquake | • Widespread fires due to damaged gas mains. • It was difficult to get in to damaged roads. • Businesses like PANASONIC had to temporarily close. • The total damage bill was $220 billion. • 2 million people had no electricity. |
| State the immediate responses of the Kobe earthquake | • Local rescue teams searched for survivors for 10 days through rubble. • Local fire department put out fires. • Major retailers provided free supplies, like Motorola provided free mobile phone use. • People were evacuated and emergency rations were provided. • Hospitals struggled to cope, so medical aid centres were set up. • Japan refused international aid. |
| State the long term responses for the Kobe earthquake | • Many people moved away from the area permanently. • Jobs were created in the construction industries as part of a rebuilding programme. • Roads were back to normal within 6 months. • New buildings have earthquake-proof designs. |
| Restless Earth KOBE (MEDC) and HAITI (LEDC) earthquake comparison | Restless Earth KOBE (MEDC) and HAITI (LEDC) earthquake comparison |
| State the primary differences similarities between the KOBE and HAITI earthquakes | • HAITI: 230,000 people died, KOBE: 6000 people died. • HAITI: Buildings collapsed due to the non earthquake-resistant design, KOBE: Less buildings fell down because they were less vulnerable because of the earthquake resistant design. • HAITI: earthquake measured 5.0 on the Richter Scale, KOBE: earthquake measured 7.4 on the Richter Scale. • HAITI: 1.5 million people were made homeless, KOBE: 300,000 people were made homeless. • HAITI: 180,000 homes were destroyed, KOBE: 102,000 homes were destroyed. |
| State the primary effect similarities between the KOBE and HAITI earthquakes | • Widespread fires were both triggered. • Many people were killed. |
| State the secondary differences between the KOBE and HAITI earthquakes | • HAITI: total damage bill was 11.5 billion, KOBE: total damage bill was $220 billion. • HAITI: difficult getting aid to the situation, KOBE: had no problems with getting aid to situation. • HAITI: Large number of deaths meant that hospitals and morgues became full so bodies had to be piled onto the street - large amount meant that diseases, especially Cholera, were a main issue, KOBE: no issues. • HAITI: didn't have electricity, KOBE: 2 million had no electricity. |
| State the secondary similarities between the KOBE and HAITI earthquakes | • Total damage bill was high. • Businesses were affected. |
| State the immediate response differences between the KOBE and HAITI earthquakes | • HAITI: Emergency rescue teams arrived from a number of countries like Iceland, KOBE: they refused international help, but their own local rescue teams searched for survivors. • HAITI: Didn't have any company provisions, KOBE: Companies such as Motorola provided free mobile phone use. |
| State the immediate response similarities between the KOBE and HAITI earthquakes | • Emergency water and food supplies were provided. • Medical help was set up/used. • Help was offered. |
| State the long term response differences between the KOBE and HAITI earthquakes | • HAITI: Many people were made homeless after a year, therefore they still lived in aid camp, KOBE: no problems. • HAITI: Temporary schools were created and new teachers were trained, KOBE: Jobs were created as part of a rebuilding programme. • HAITI: New building were built, KOBE: New buildings were built with earthquake-proof design and roads were back to normal within 6 months. |
| State the long term response similarities between the KOBE and HAITI earthquakes | • Both had temporary jobs of some sort created. • Many people permanently moved away. • Both had buildings re-built. |
| Why did the differences between the KOBE earthquake and the HAITI earthquake exist? | • Kobe is wealthier, so they had the money for protection against earthquakes. • Kobe had more money to be able to recover quickly, also because they were able to pay for protection meaning less damage was caused in the first place. • Haiti was poorer therefore didn't have enough money to buy protections and were less equipped for earthquakes. • Haiti had less money to be able to recover, also because they couldn't pay for protection meaning there was more damage caused in the first place. |
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