20652604
Description
Flashcards by Emilie Broussard, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Emilie Broussard
almost 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| How many anuran species are known? | Almost 6,000 |
| What is the global distribution of frogs? | Cosmopolitan |
| How many frog families are in the order anura? | 26 |
| What are some anuran synapomorphies? | 9 or less presacral vertebrae Single sacral vertebra with flared diapophyses Caudal vertebrae fused into urostyle Elongated tarsals and phlanges Elongate and partially fused astragalus and calcaneum Compound radioulna and tibiofibula Buccal and dermal mucus glands Tongue attached at front of buccal cavity |
| What derived features unite all frogs EXCEPT Ascaphidae and Leiopelmatidae? | 8 or less vertebrae Single sphenethmoid Absence of tail wagging muscles |
| Family: Two species Endemic to Pacific NW US Intromittent organ for internal fertilization Highly aquatic; cold fast streams Inguinal amplexus Lacks tympanum (does not call) Tadpoles have sucking oral disc | Ascaphidae |
| Family: Four species, all endemic to NZ Lack tympanum & vocal sacs Direct development; terrestrial egg brooded by male Inscriptional ribs embedded in ventral musculature Low chr # | Leiopelmatidae |
| Family: Europe, S. China, Borneo & Philippines Aposematic coloring on belly, visible only during unken reflex Toxic skin secretions V-shaped parahyoid bone | Bombinatoridae |
| Family: W/C Europe, NW Africa, ME Vary in habitat use Often have nuptial pads on front feet and hind limbs Adults have free ribs Tongue disc-shaped and non-protrusible | Alytidae (Discoglossidae) |
| Which subfamilies does the superfamily Mesobatrachia contain? | Megophryidae Pelobatidae Pelodytidae Pipidae Rhinophrynidae |
| What are the synapomorphies of mesobatrachia? | Frontoparietal fontanelle is closed Taenia tecti medialis absent Taenia tecti transversum absent Hyoglossal sinus partially closed |
| Family: Subtrop and tropical Asia Mimic dead leave on forest floor or stream edges Cryptic coloration and disruptive outlines Glandular skin Granular glands in axillary, pectoral, and femoral regions Synapomorphies: Ceratohyals absent or reduced Intervert cartilage with ossified center Paddle shaped tongue | Megophryidae |
| Family: Monogeneric W Eurasia, NW Africa Stocky bodies and vertical pupils Deserts and arid habitats, fossorial Highly seasonal breading Sacroccygial joint fused Palatines absent Arciferal pectoral girdle Astralagus and calcaneum fused only at ends | Pelobatidae |
| Family: Monogeneric W Europe, W Asia Nocturnal, except in breeding season Terrestrial Bulging eyes Fused astralagus and calcaneum Parahyoid present | Pelodytidae |
| (Sub)Family: NA Squat; head small short and rounded Round eyes and vertical pupils short limbs, warty skin Fossorial, use spade (keratinized metatarsal tubercle) to dig Explosive breeders | Scaphiopodidae (Pelobatidae) |
| Family: Disjunct dist.: Sub-S Africa, trop SA highly aquatic with fully webbed hindfeet Front toes long Extreme dorsoventral flattening, small or no eyelids Lateral line system in most sp Ear and laryngeal mods for underwater calling Lack tongues | Pipidae |
| Family: Monotypic family and genus S Texas to Costa Rica Tiny cone head with cornified skin at tip Short, robust limbs Hindfoot spade Feeds underground on termites and ants Tongue protrudes straight from goove in front of mouth Synapomorphy: absence of sternum | Rhinophrynidae |
| What is Neobatrachia? | "Advanced" frogs Contains 95% of frog species Composed of Bufonids and Ranoidea |
| Define bufonids | Paraphyletic Members of neobatrachia that are not ranids (which are monophyletic) |
| Family: Monotypic family, 3 sp in one genus N SA Rainforest Large breeding aggregations, eggs deposited in water Skull has ossified cranial roof, with many bones reduced | Allophrynidae |
| Family: SE Brazil, leaf litter tropical Very small Reduced digit # (front 2-3, hind 3) Tips of phlanges are blunt to pointed Lack sternum Terrestrial eggs, assumed direct development | Brachycephalidae |
| Family: Cosmopolitan dist. Presence of parotid glands and 2 digging tubercles on foot distinguish from pelobatids Often have cranial crests, rear toads often webbed Synapomorphies: Bidders organ (paedomorphic) Absence of teeth | Bufonidae |
| Family: CA & SA Usually arboreal Transparent abdominal peritoneum and skin Expanded toe discs, T phlanges with medial process on 3rd metacarpal Astralagus and calcaneum fused | Centrolenidae |
| Family: Cape area of S Africa Habitat specialists in swift streams Expanded digit tips Have toepads + webbed feet Tadpoles have oral disc | Heleophrynidae |
| Family: NA, SA, Asia, Eur, Australia distinct adhesive toe discs, contain cartilage to offset terminal phalanx Mostly arboreal Synapomorphy: Terminal phalanges claw-like instead of straight | Hylidae |
| Family: New World Lots of variation, but mostly terrestrial with aquatic laid eggs No known synapomorphies - paraphyletic Lacks derived characters of other bufonids | Lepyodactylidae |
| Family: CA, SA, Southern NA Rainforests Terrestrial & arboreal Direct development paired frontoparietals and palatines T shaped term phalanges that usually have pads with circumferential grooves | Eleutherodactylidae |
| Family: Australia & NG Primarily terrestrial, habitats vary | Limnodynastidae (Now under Myobatrachidae) |
| Family: Australia & NG Terrestrial, habitats vary Variation in devo and exomorphs Absent or reduced toe discs First 2 presacral vertebrae not fused Periaxial sheath | Myobatrachidae |
| Family: Monogeneric S Argentina and Chile Wet temperate forest Eggs laid on land, then carried by males in vocal sacs either to water or until development done Small with fleshy proboscis on snout | Rhinodermatidae |
| Family: Ca, SA Diurnal, terrestrial Parental care Many have aposematic coloring Dupradigital scutes on dorsal fingers Cephalic amplexus | Dendrobatidae |
| Family: Large, aquatic Robust, toad-like Dist: Chile | Calyptocephalellidae Helmeted Water Toads |
| Family: Slow-moving streams, forest leaf litter Dist: NW Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile, Argentina | Alsodidae Spiny-chest Frogs |
| Family: Cartilaginous sternum Diurnal predators Spend much of time in water All have tadpole stage Dist: NW to S Brazil | Hylodidae Stream-Dwelling Frogs |
| Family: High elevations Dist: S SA | Batrachylidae Patagonia Frogs |
| Family: Terrestrial or semi-terrestrial forests, streams, and rocky outcrops Left and right branchial chambers fuse behind heart Dist: temperate SA | Cycloramphidae Bug-eyed Frogs |
| Family: Flattened head, non-coossified skin on skull Recurved fang teeth on maxilla, premaxilla, and vomer Dist: SA (Andean) | Telmatobiidae Water Frogs |
| Family: Terrestrial, tropical rainforests Direct development, bear eggs on back until hatch (dorsal pouch) Embryos have two pairs of bell-shaped gills Dist: SA, CA | Hemiphractidae Horned/Marsupial Frogs |
| Family: Robust bodies Round, wide, large heads Terrestrial, grasslands to forests Dist: S & E SA | Odontophrynidae Smooth Horned Frogs |
| Family: Montane forests and streams at high elevations Direct devo from terrestrial eggs Unpigmented eggs Dist: Guiana Shield in Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil | Ceuthomantidae Emerald-Barred Frogs |
| Family: Leaf litter in tropical rainforests Direct development Dist: N/C A, disjunct in S Brazil | Craugastoridae Northern Rain Frogs |
| Family: Terrestrial breeding, direct devo Males have singular subgular vocal sacs Dist: C & S A | Strabomantidae Rain Frogs |
| Family: Restricted to Seychelles Islands Moist forests Tympanum absent Terrestrial eggs, males carry eggs on back | Sooglossidae Seychelles Frogs |
| Family: Recently discovered, restricted to India Lack toe disks Specialized burrowers | Nasikabatrachidae Pig-nosed Frogs |
| Family: Many ecomorphs Transverse skin fold across back of head Small head Short snout, and small mouth Premaxillary and maxillary teeth absent Almost cosmopolitan distribution Wide variety of habitats | Microhylidae Narrow-mouthed Frogs |
| Family: African, moist forests Direct development Pointed snouts Long limbs Third finger generally elongated Unwebbed feet | Arthroleptidae Squeaker/Hairy frogs |
| Family: Sub-S Africa, Mad, Seychelles Most arboreal Sexually dimorphic bright coloring Expanded Toepads No nuptial pads Tympanum present but concealed | Hyperoliidae African Reed Frogs |
| Family: Sub-S Africa Backwards burrowers Dimorphic body size Many unable to amplex so use adhesive skin secretion Direct development Inflate Best frogs | Brevicipitidae Rain Frogs |
| Family: Sub-S Africa Fossorial Hardened and pointed snout Sternum absent Skull modified for digging, head small and pointed Parental care Skin fold on head | Hemisotidae Shovel-nosed Frogs |
| Family: W Africa Fast moving streams and rivers Tusk-like odontoids on lower mandible with curved maxillary teeth Tympanum distinct Extensive webbing Granular skin | Odontobatrachidae Torrent Frogs |
| Family: One genus, many species Sub-S Africa T-shaped terminal phlanges | Phrynobatrachidae Puddle Frogs |
| Family: Sub-S Africa Longitudinal ridges/stripes Savannah and grasslands | Ptychadenidae Grassland Frogs |
| Family: Disjunctly W & E Africa Riverine systems Lack vocal cords | Conrauidae Goliath Frogs |
| Family: C & E Africa Spray zone of streams and waterfalls Sexually dimorphic Distinct tympanum | Petropedetidae Rocky River Frogs |
| Family: Sub-S Africa Explosive breeders Urostyle has bicondylar articulation with sternum | Pyxicephalidae African Bullfrogs |
| Family: W Ghats of India Riparian habitats Territorial Calling and foot flagging | Micrixalidae Tropical Frogs |
| Family: W Ghats and Sri Lanka Concealed tympanum Dorsal straddle amplexus Wet marshy habitat | Nyctibatrachidae Fanged Frogs |
| Family: C/S India Leaf litter or streams Y shaped terminal phalanges | Ranixalidae Indian Leaping Frogs |
| Family: SE Asia Terrestrial, some arboreal Direct development | Ceratobatrachidae Ground/Triangle Frogs |
| Family: SubS Africa, S & E Asia Terrestrial to aquatic Diverse repro, including inguinal amplexus Tadpoles have many adaptations: algae scraping, carnivorous fangs | Discroglossidae Fanged Frogs |
| Family: SubS Africa, S & SE Asia Primarily arboreal Expanded toe disks Highly webbed Some have oophagus tadpoles Front foot has two opposable toes | Rhacophoridae Asian Tree Frogs |
| Family: Worldwide (almost) No diagnostic synapomorphies Long legs and webbed feet Streamlined & large bodied Waist often thin Well developed musculature | Ranidae True Frogs |
| Family: Madagascar Terrestrial or arboreal Axillary amplexus Terrestrial eggs and larvae drop or are swept into water | Mantellidae Malagasy Poison Frogs |
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