20769250
Description
Flashcards by Frenk Watutzii, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Frenk Watutzii
almost 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| First users were the engineers who built and programmed computers, then employees who had received specialized training were users, and now today, anyone and everyone can be a user. |
Evolution of Users
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| Sends files over the network at the request of clients. Responds over LAN, within one location/site. Support both application software and data files. |
FILE SERVER
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File Server (image/jpeg)
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| Turns a user-friendly domain name, like Google.com, into an Internet Protocol (IP) address like ((( 70.42.251.42 ))) that computers use to identify each other on the network. | Domain Name Server (DNS) |
| Uses TWO KEYS a public and private key for performing encryption and decryption | Public Key Encryption |
| PROVING you are who you say you are which can be done by: what you know, what you have! | Authentication |
| TIER WHERE THE USER interface for the system is developed; SHIELDS THE USER from the underlying logic of the systems as well as the underlying data structures | Presentation Tier |
| SYSTEMS DEPLOYMENT Steps 1. System Conversion 2. Final Documentation 3. End User Training | System Deployment |
| CONNECTS MULTIPLES networks together; can be used to directly connect computers to a network; will relay messages to computers with APPROPRIATE IP ADDRESS |
ROUTER
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| Requires that data is KEPT secure so that they are not accidentally provided or obtained by unauthorized users | Confidentiality |
| Protecting EVERY LAYER that SURROUNDS ((( DATA ))) | Defense in Depth |
| Can take on DIFFERENT FORMS depending on the complexity of the application; in certain instances, it is AN ACTUAL OBJECT that is an ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION of the application | THE MODEL |
| Creates a subset of the data by reducing the data from multiple dimensions to one dimension | Slicing Data |
| The technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible. | Information Technology |
| In charge of all aspects of the COMPUTER NETWORKS | Network Administrator |
| Focuses on the design, development, and support of DATABASE MANAGEMENT systems (DBMSs). | Database Administrator |
| Installs, configures, maintains, secures, and troubleshoots web severs. | Web Administrator |
| Processed data. | Information |
| INFORMATION THAT HAS BEEN PUT TO USE information placed into a context. Refined information such that the user of the knowledge is able to call forth only relevant portions of information when needed. |
Knowledge in DIKW
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| Provides a social setting to knowledge; AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ((( WHY ))) Can only come by having BOTH KNOWLEDGE and EXPERIENCE |
WISDOM
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| The INPUT Processing, OUTPUT, STORAGE Cycle |
I.P.O.S.
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| Raw data is organized or structured for usefulness. | PROCESSED DATA |
| Information is output so user can see results. |
OUTPUT DATA
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| Processed information is stored for permanent record. |
STORAGE
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| A collection of components that work together to meet the needs of the user; typically : CATEGORIZED AS EITHER HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, NETWORKS AND USERS | COMPUTER SYSTEM |
| Physical components of a computer system which include the system unit and its components and peripheral devices; TANGIBLE ASPECTS OF THE COMPUTER | HARDWARE |
| A collection of computers and resources CONNECTED by various media so that they can COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER. |
NETWORK
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| Systems Software and Applications Software |
SOFTWARE CATEGORIES
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| RULES provided by WHICH NETWORKS communicate with each other. | IP PROTOCOL |
| STORES the programs BEING EXECUTED and the data they are using. | COMPUTER MEMORY |
| Controls THE SPEED at which instructions are processed. | SYSTEM CLOCK |
| Stands for Random Access Memory. It temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer. IT IS VOLATILE (means data or information stored disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power). |
RAM
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Ram (binary/octet-stream)
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| Transistor components, magnetic core memory, smaller size, easier to program, disk drives and drums, called mainframe computers | 2nd Generation of Computers |
| Silicon chips (known as ICs - integrated circuits), reduced cost, called mini computers, networks introduced via dumb terminals | 3rd Generation of Computers |
| Written for a specific machine by the engineers who built and ran the computers; no need for OS since only one program could run at a time | Low-level Language |
| Easier than machine but still required detailed, precise LOW LEVEL instructions |
Assembly Language
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| Function is to TRANSLATE ONE LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER; take source code and convert it to another form; source code by itself cannot be read by a computer |
Language Translator Programs
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| Programmer is limited to high level control constructs such as while loops, for loops, and if/else statements and not allowed to use primitive GOTO statements | Structured Programming |
| A type of programming language for which most of its implementations EXECUTES INSTRUCTIONS DIRECTLY AND FREELY, without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions. |
Interpreted Language (Code)
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| Small programs that place Linux commands or DOS batch files into a file |
Shell Scripting
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| The computer that the user is using; physically present with | Local Computer |
| Connects computers to each other with NO REAL UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS BEING TRANSFERRED Used for private networks with local computers. | Network Hub |
| Like a hub, but this will only send data that is INTENDED FOR SPECIFIC COMPUTER | Network Switch |
| Can be connected to hub, switch, or router; many routers now also act as a wireless access point; sends out a wireless signal so computers on the network can connect without a cable |
Wireless Access Point
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| Contains one or more servers; client is a computer that will request information from another computer; server is a computer that takes requests and responds with the requested information; the software used facilitates communication with remote servers | Client-server Network |
| Stores data files (web pages) and programs (scripts). Responds from anywhere on the Internet. |
Web Server
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| Monitors print jobs | Print Server |
| Like web server or file server in that REQUEST ARE FILES and RESPONDED ARE THE FILES data delivered between client and server. | FTP Server |
| Devices connected along a SINGLE CABLE Size of network is restricted. | Bus Network |
| Each device is connected to a CENTRAL DEVICE such as a hub or switch. | Star Network |
| Each device is connected DIRECTLY TO ITS NEIGHBOR and messages are forwarded from device to device until the proper destination is reached. |
Ring Network
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| Every device is connected directly to every other device in the network. | Mesh Network |
| Identifies the server on which the web page can be found | Domain Name |
| Always ends with a period and a THREE or TWO LETTER EXTENSION which signifies the TYPE of organization or country associated with the page | TLD (Top Level Domain) Name Exam: www.yourname.com .edu .net . gov .org |
| Indicates the name of the file you are accessing, or the location of the document on the server |
Resource/ Filename ID
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Uri (binary/octet-stream)
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| Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability | CIA |
| 1st - Must include a component that ensures the accuracy of the collected data 2nd - Must be entered into the system accurately 3rd - Data modification must be tracked | Data Integrity Efforts |
| 1. Identify the organization's information assets 2. Identify vulnerabilities of each asset 3. Determine threats 4. Prioritizing risks 5. Develop and enact policies that will reduce threats |
Risk Management & Strategic Risk Analysis
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| An attacker issues a SQL command to a web server as part of the URL or as input to a form on a company's website; web server might pass the command onto the database which then allows potentially anything to be done to the database | SQL Injection |
| Placing malicious code into the buffer so that it can be executed once stored in memory; oldest and most well known software exploit; software engineers can protect against this when writing code | Buffer Overflow |
| Informs companies of potential problems with software HACK ATTACKS so companies can fix the problems. | White Hat Hacker |
| Individuals with MALICIOUS INTENT WHO VIOLATE SECURITY in order to commit crimes or acts of terrorism | Black Hat Hacker |
| Engage in BOTH WHITE and BLACK hat types of hacking activities | Grey Hat Hacker |
| Type of virus that completely replaces an existing application and takes the name of the taken over file | Trojan Horse |
| Attempts to identify if a file contains a virus or some form of malware | Anti-virus Software |
| Ensures proper storage of data by providing a means so that data is available even when storage devices are damaged or offline |
Data Redundancy
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| Uses the same key for performing the encryption and decryption |
Symmetric Key Encryption
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| Ensures that the user gains access only to the resources that the user should be able to access | Role-based Access Control |
| 1. Cost savings benefits 2. Increased efficiency and productivity 3. Increased facilitation of communication |
Computer Network Advantages
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| Consists of programs that END USERS RUN to accomplish tasks | Application Software |
| Consists of programs that MAKE UP THE OS software that directly supports the computer system itself |
System Software
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| Works with hardware to provide a NETWORK SERVICE | Server Software |
| A LAN that uses the Internet Protocol |
Intranet
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| Core components of the OS that is loaded when the computer is first booted. | Kernel |
| An interface for the user, often personalized for that given user, that provides access to the kernel. |
Shell
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| Administration and Support | IT Professional Roles |
| Maintains all aspects of the system including hardware, software, and programming. | System Administrator |
| Installs, configures, and administers firewall security to protect systems and proactively work to stop intrusions. | Security Administrator |
| Help desk and training. | Support IT Professionals |
| Defines the transition of data to information from knowledge to wisdom. (Data Information Knowledge Wisdom) | DIKW Hierarchy |
| The input directly received by the user (or computer). It is generally not usable until it has been converted into a relevant form. | Data in DIKW |
| Having been inferred from data; one or more processes have been applied to the data to transform it into a more useful form. | Information in DIKW |
| A collection of data and information used to support the management of an organization. Also refers to the technical components and human resources that enable the assembly, storage, and processing of data and the delivery of information. This has existed for a lot longer than computers. | Information Systems |
| RELEVANCE - the data being used must apply directly to the decision being made TIMELY - data must be efficient and must be provided in a timely manner THOROUGH - the data must be complete ACCURATE - data should be captured only once, where possible and should be captured as close to the point of activity as possible. RELIABLE - data should reflect stable and consistent data collection processes across collections points and over time | Characteristics of Quality Data |
| Raw data is entered BY THE USER |
Input
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| COMPUTER PROGRAMS that tell the computer what to do--how to execute commands and process information | Software |
| Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Most commonly used protocol; is required of all computers that communicate over the Internet. |
TCP/IP
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| A collection of protocols. TCP/IP is an example. | Protocol Stack |
| CPU, Memory and Storage, Peripheral Devices | Components of a Computer |
| Executes programs' instructions and commands various components in the computer. Referred to as the "chip". | CPU |
| All peripheral devices where long term storage devices are used. | |
| Permits information to move between each component; electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components | System Bus |
| Critical component of all computer based systems; consists of most of the hardware the computer needs in order to run; comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. | System Unit |
| Case, Internal Bays, Buses, Ports, Hard Drive, Motherboard, CPU, CPU Cooler, Memory Module (RAM), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Expansion Slots/Cards |
Internal Components of the System Unit
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| Control Unit (CU) - retrieves the instructions and the raw data that is input and coordinates or controls the sending of those instructions and data to the ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - does the actual processing of the data; completing mathematical calculations and logical operations to process the data and converting the input of the keyboard text entry to output displayed on the screen |
Parts of the CPU
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| Dynamic RAM (DRAM) - typically called main memory Static RAM (SRAM) - cache memory and registers | Types of RAM |
| BIOS stands for: Basic Input Output System; ROM stands for Read Only Memory. Typically stored in ROM chip on the motherboard. Is software NOT hardware, ("basic" operating system that runs when the computer is first turned on). Runs tests of memory and the CPU and initializes hardware components so that the actual Operating System can be loaded from the hard disk. Can't choose the amount or contents. |
BIOS ROM
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| Vacuum tubes, relay switches, the need to program in machine language | 1st Generation of Computers |
| Single chip processor, called microcomputer, first personal computer, rudimentary computer graphics, home use |
4th Generation of Computers
1971 – 1980.
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| Doubling of transistor count roughly every 18 - 24 months (exponential increase) | Moore's Law |
| Punch cards, magnetic tape, hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, flash memory, cloud storage |
Evolution of Storage
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| Improve language translator; requires that the components of the software all be defined before compilation can begin; code is more efficient | Compiler |
| Characterized by the creation of windowed operating systems, easier real-world object modeling in programming code, and the application of inheritance in program code. | Object Oriented Programming |
| A computer being accessed over the network |
Remote Computer
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| Requires that a full pathway, or circuit, be established before transmission can begin and maintained during the entire transmission; like calling someone on the phone | Circuit Switched Network |
| A message's pathway is only established as it is sent; the choice of pathway is based on availability and amount of message traffic | Packet Switched Network |
| Creates and maintains client network connections to remote servers | Workstations |
| A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms without the expense of purchasing multiple computers; allows a user to run software for different OS platform in their computer that would not otherwise be able to run that software; this allows multiple users on a network to access the software to support collaboration. |
Virtual Machine (VM)
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| Computers that have greater hard disk storage, faster response time and are used to respond to request from other computers on the network |
Server
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| Responds to queries by pulling from the database. Typically only to local clients. | Database Server |
| Two email servers communicate with each other | Mail Server |
| Link between two resources; links two routers without any host or network in between | Point-to-Point Network |
| Protocol, Domain name, Resource/Filename | Parts of URL (Uniform Resource Locator) |
| Requires that data is correct | Integrity |
| Requires that information is available when needed | Availability |
| Public - available through public sources; includes names and addresses Sensitive - not considered a threat to a person's privacy if others learn of it; include email addresses Private - information that could be a threat if disclosed to others; includes social security and credit card numbers Confidential - information that an organization will keep secret; includes patentable information and business plans | Information Security Classifications |
| Emails to people to redirect them to a website to perform some operation but the website is a fake and just takes the information | Phishing |
| Allows you to obtain anything being sent over a network if the data being transmitted isn't encrypted | Packet Sniffing |
| Self contained programs that do not need other programs to propagate across computers and computer networks | Worm |
| Idea of obfuscating the information that resides on a computer or sent over a network so that if it is intercepted the hacker will be unable to use the information |
Encryption
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