2550239
Description
Flashcards by smallphantom, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by smallphantom
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is Ethnography | --> Yanomamo film description of a society's customary beliefs, behaviours, & attitudes |
| What is Ethnohistory | studies based on history of a society @ 1 or more points in time |
| characteristics of Foraging (4) | - collecting plants/animals - marginalized areas - nomadic/semi-nomadic - modern foragers have some dependence on food production/producers |
| Pastoralism (2 types + 1) | - 2 types: -transhumant (short alt distance) - nomadic - usually don't eat their animals (trade w cultivators) |
| characteristics of Horticulture (4) | - grow crops with simple hand tools - extensive or shifting (slash and burn) - hunting/fish - fairly large densely populated communities (semi-sedentary) |
| characteristics of Agriculture (3) | - permanent fields - need to fertilize - uses one or more intensive tech (irrigation, terracing, draft animals, machines) |
| characteristics of Agricultural Societies (3 + 2 Risks) | - large populations in cities/towns - craft specialization & complex political org. - large diff in wealth RISKS: ~ more likely to have famines or food shortages ~ produce for market: monocropping, high yield |
| Types of Distribution of Goods & Services (3) | - Reciprocity - Redistribution - Market Exchange |
| Features of RECIPROCITY (3) | - Generalized: exchanges between closely related people (parental groups) - no obligation to reciprocate - payoffs: survival of kin group/care in old age |
| Features of BALANCED RECIPROCITY (2) | - usually w greater social distance (trading partners) - social relations may be strained if no reciprocity (eg: sharing, Kula ring, barter) |
| Features of NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY (1 + example) | - social distance is the greatest and recip is most calculated eg: horse raiding on Plains, salmon raiding on Fraser River |
| Features of REDISTRIBUTION (1 w 3) | - accumulation of goods for redistribution : >important in agri. or poli. hierarchies > usually tribute payment > ares may not have equal potential (- Potlatch with chiefs.) |
| Features on MARKET EXCHANGE (2) | - prices subject to SUPPLY & DEMAND - common in societies that are economically productive |
| Economics of Marriage (WHAT'S LOVE GOT TO DO, GOT TO DO W IT) | - bride price/wealth - dowry - bride service - gift exchange -exchange of females |
| what is EXOGAMY? | - marrying outside own kinship group/community |
| what is ENDOGAMY? | - marrying within a group |
| what is LEVIRATE? | when the widow marries the dead husband's brother |
| what is SORORATE? | when the husband fricks the wife's sister if she dies or is infertile |
| WHAT HAPPENS IF U PROCREATE W UR COUSIN | INCEST! (ew) |
| what are PARALLEL COUSINS? (patrilineal system) | children of father's brother |
| what are CROSS-COUSINS? (patrilineal) | children of father's sister |
| what is POLYGYNY + reasons(3) + example | - 1 husband, hella wives - household productivity, prestige, social position - Kanuri of Bornu, Nigeria |
| what is POLYANDRY + reasons (2) + example | - 1 wife, hella husbands - less women + agri. base Paharis in W Himalayas |
| SAME-SEX MARRIAGE EXAMPLE | Nuer of Sudan - survival of patrilineage - woman can marry woman if father only has daughters |
| Basic social units ("families") (2) | - nuclear family - band (eg: Shoshone) |
| characteristics of AMBILINEAL DESCENT? (3) | - includes *all* children - live w wife's or husband's group - foraging bands |
| what is AVUNOLOCALITY? | husbands & wives expected to live with husband's mom's brother |
| 4 systems of Kinship Terminology | - LINEAL - BIFURCATE MERGING - GENERATIONAL - BIFURCATE COLLATERAL |
| LINEAL KINSHIP TREE | - societies like US & Canada where nuclear family is important Uncle - Aunt - Mother = Father - Uncle - Aunt ~~ doesn't distinguish paternal sides |
| BIFURCATE MERGING TREE | -iroquois/crow/omahou -splits mother/father, merges same-sex siblings of each parent Uncle - Mother - Mother = Father - Father - Aunt |
| GENERATIONAL KINSHIP TREE | -Hawaiian system - merges parents & their siblings -only 2 terms father - mother - mother = father - father - mother |
| BIFURCATE COLLATERAL | -Sudanese - seperate terms for each kin type in parental group MB - MS - Mother = Father - FS - FB |
| Categories of Socio-political Organization (4) | -Band (Yanomamo) -Tribe (Yanomamo) - Chiefdom (Polynesia) -States (usually in "advanced" societies) |
| Kinds of Power (3) | -Interpersonal -Organizational -Structural |
| what is INTERPERSONAL POWER? | ability of one individual to impose their will on another |
| what is ORGANIZATIONAL POWER? | individuals or social units limiting actions of others in certain social settings |
| what is STRUCTURAL POWER? | controls allocation of social labour & organizes social settings |
| ways of Diffusion (4) | - Secondary innovation - Migration - Rebellion - Cultural "loss" (assim., acculturation, imperialism) |
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