2853447
Description
Flashcards by dayna.tohidi8787, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by dayna.tohidi8787
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Mutations | Occur when the chromosome does not copy itself properly. They are spontaneous |
| Mutation | A rare, random change in the organism's DNA that can be inherited |
| Carcinogen | Chemicals that can increase chances of mutations, which can cause cancer, by making the cells divide uncontrollably |
| Precipitation | When water falls from clouds, this can be in form of rain, sleet or snow |
| Decomposers | They break down the proteins in animal waste, animals, and plants, into ammonia, which is a nitrogen compound |
| Difference between nitrifying bacteria, and nitrogen fixing bacteria | Nitrifying bacteria converts ammonia in decaying matter into nitrates Nitrogen fixing bacteria converts nitrogen in air into nitrates that plants can use |
| Fermenters | Used for industrial scale production of microbial products |
| Fermenter decription | Large containers |
| Conditions of fermenters | Designed to increase product yield as much as possible |
| Use of superheated steam | To kill any microorganisms-vessels are sterilised between uses with this |
| Why do microorganisms decrease product yield? | Because they contaminate the product, and they compete with the lactobacillus bacteria for nutrients for growth |
| Why must pH be monitored? | To keep optimum pH for maximum yield and fast rate of reaction |
| Aceptic and abiotic | Sterile, and non living- ecosystems consist of the organisms and the abiotic conditions in an area, like light, temp, pH of soil |
| Why is it important that air cannot get into fermenters used in production of beer? | So that the yeast ferment the sugar ANaerobically, to produce ethanol |
| Why do you pasteurise milk and beer? | To kill off the microoganisms, and to kill off any yeast so that fermentation completely stops. Beer tastes better when unpasteurised and aged in right conditions, but big breweries pasteurise beer as there is a risk unpasteurised beer will spoil |
| Transgenic organisms | These organisms contain a gene from a different species in their DNA-like transgenic bacteria such as bacteria with the gene for human insulin |
| Gene | Code for a particular protein A gene is a section of a molecule of DNA |
| How can gm be used in medicine? | You can genetically modify the DNA of cows and goats by inserting the human genes for making useful proteins in them, so that they produce medicine in their milk . For example, human antibodies can be used in therapy to treat some cancers, and multiple sclerosis, and arthritis. |
| Iris reflex | In bright light, circular muscles contract, so radial relax, and pupils constrict |
| Accomodation | How the eye focuses light by changing the shape of the lens To look at distant objects, cilary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments pull tight, and lens becomes thin |
| Why do old people need reading glasses? | Because, as you get older, your lens loses flexibility so it cannot easily spring back into a round shape to focus on near objects, so reading glasses are necessary to focus the light |
| Short sighted people | Problem: either the eyeball is too long, or the cornea or lens bends light to much Result: image is brought into focus in front of the retina. |
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