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Description
Flashcards by Anna Hollywood, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Anna Hollywood
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the acrostic for remembering the classification order? | King Prawn Curry Or Fat Greasy Sausages |
| What is the order of classification? | Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| What is the difference between an artificial system and a natural system? | Artificial-based on one or two key characteristics, e.g. birds that like by the sea are seabirds Natural-based on evolutionary relationships more detailed e.g. animals more closely related are more likely to be in the same group |
| What has help scientists determine how closely related two animals are? | By sequencing the bases in DNA |
| What is a species? | A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
| What is the binomial system? | Where every animal has two parts to its name the first is the genus (starts with capital) and the second is the species (lowercase) |
| Why is the archaeopteryx difficult to class into a group? | Because it has feathers like a bird and teeth and a long, bony tail like a reptile |
| Why can't bacteria be classed as a species? | Because they reproduce asexually |
| Why can't a mule (cross between donkey and horse) be classed as a species? | Because they are infertile |
| Why can't you tell if some animals are closely related and have a common ancestor? | They may have different features due to living in different habitats |
| Why are dolphins and fish similar and why are they different? | They both share the same habitat (ecologically related) but dolphins are mammals |
| Why are dolphins and bats similar and why are they different? | They live in different habitats but they are both mammals (they are related through evolution) |
| What do pyramids of biomass show? | The dry mass of living material at each trophic level |
| Why may pyramids and of biomass look different to pyramids of numbers? | -if producers are very large -if a small parasite lives on a large animal |
| Why are pyramids of biomass difficult to construct? | -some organisms feed on other organisms from different trophic levels -it involves removing an organisms water (killing it) |
| As energy flows along a food chain, what is some energy transferred into (less useful)? | -heat from respiration -egestion -excretion |
| Why is the material lost at each stage of a food chain not wasted? | Because decomposers use it and can then start another food chain |
| Why does the animal at the end of the food chain not have much food available to it? | Because they love about 90% of the useful energy at each trophic level |
| How can efficiency in food chains be calculated? | (energy used for growth/energy input) x 100% |
| Is carbon found in a number of living organisms? | Yes |
| Why does carbon need to be recycled? | So that it can be available again to other living organisms |
| How is carbon dioxide removed from the air? | Photosynthesis |
| What passes carbon along a food chain/web? | feeding |
| What is carbon dioxide released into the air by? | Respiration, decomposers, combustion |
| What is carbon dioxide absorbed by and what is it turned into? | By the oceans. The marine organisms make shells from the carbonate which turns into limestone rocks. |
| How can the carbon in limestone return to the air as carbon dioxide? | During volcanic eruptions and weathering |
| Why do plants take in nitrates? | For protein (growth) |
| What passes nitrogen compounds along a food web/chain? | Feeding |
| How are nitrogen compounds returned to the soil? | They are broken down in dead animals and plants by decomposers |
| What do decomposers do? | They are soil bacteria and they convert proteins and urea into ammonia |
| What do nitrifying bacteria do? | Convert the ammonia into nitrates |
| What do denitrifying bacteria do? | Convert nitrates into nitrogen gas |
| What do nitrogen-fixing bacteria do and where are they found? | They are found in root nodules and they fix the nitrogen gas. This also occurs by the action of lightning |
| What do animals living in the same habitat compete for? What do they compete or if they are in the same species? | Resources such as food. If they are in the same species, mates. |
| What is an ecological niche? | It describes the habitat that an organism lives in and its role in that habitat. |
| Why are species that live in the same niche more likely to compete? | As they require similar resources such as the harlequin and native ladybirds |
| Define interspecific | Competition between two species |
| Define intraspecific | Competition between organisms of the same species |
| Why do predator and prey cycles show both ups and downs (3 reasons)? | -Lots of prey=more predators survive=numbers increase -Prey numbers therefore drop -Predators starve=pop drops |
| Why do the predators peak soon after the prey peaks? | Because it takes a little while for the increased supply of food to allow more predators to survive and reproduce |
| Explain a relationship between a parasite and its host | -Host suffers -Fleas are parasites -Tapeworms are also parasites |
| Explain a mutualism relationship | -Birds cleaning ticks off an ox -Insects pollinating flowers -Cleaner fish eating parasites off larger fish |
| How do legumes on pea plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria have a mutualistic relationship? | -The bacteria turn nitrogen into nitrogen-containing chemicals and give some to the pea -Bacteria gets photosynthesis sugars from the pea plant |
| Name 5 adaptations of animals in cold climates | Excellent insulation, large with small ears (small SA:V), behaviour changes (migration, hibernation), counter-current heat exchange(warm blood entering flipper warms up cool blood going back into body), biochemical adaptations(anti-freeze proteins in cells) |
| Name 4 adaptations of animals living in hot climates | Little hair, smaller bodies and larger ears (increase SA:V), panting, seeking shade at hottest hours in day |
| Name 2 adaptations of animals to cope with dry climates | -Camels with concentrated urine -Cacti have spines and deep roots, can store water in stem |
| What are animals called that can survive in hot conditions? What's an example of this? | Extremophiles. Bacteria can live in hot springs as they have enzymes that don't denature at temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius |
| An example of a specialist | Polar bear |
| An example of a generalist. Disadvantage and advantage? | Rats. Can survive in several habitats but will lose out to specialists in certain environments |
| Who wrote the theory of natural selection? | Charles Darwin |
| Sum up the theory of natural selection | -Variation within species -Competition for limited resources between offspring -Survival of the fittest -Those that survive pass on their genes to offspring |
| How do (overtime) the changes produced by natural selection result in a new species? | -Only happens when they can't mate for a long time -Maybe due to them living in different areas (geographical isolation) or behavioural isolation -They may evolve differently to become to different species |
| Why is natural selection difficult to study? | Because it usually takes thousands of years to see the effect |
| Give 2 examples of natural selection | -More bacteria are developing resistance to antibiotics -Dark peppered moths can survive in camouflaged an polluted areas so more of them survive |
| Why did people disagree with Darwin's ideas at first? | -Not enough evidence -Destroys all known theories of God |
| Why is Darwin's theory now more widely accepted? | -Explains observations -Been discussed and tested by range of scientists |
| What was Lamarck's theory? | The law of acquired characteristics e.g. giraffes have long necks so that they can eat, then this was passed on |
| Why has Lamarck's theory been stated as incorrect? | Due to discovery of genes |
| What are the 3 main types of pollution? | -Carbon dioxide -CFCs -Sulfur dioxide |
| What is the rate of growth of the human population called? | Exponential growth |
| Why is the human population growing exponentially? | Because birth rate is exceeding death rate |
| Where is the greatest population rise happening? | In the developing countries |
| Why do the developed countries have the most pollution? | Burning more fossil fuels |
| What does the carbon footprint show? | The amount of greenhouse gas given off in a certain time by an individual |
| What do direct methods do? | Use oxygen probes attached to a computer to tell the pollution levels in a pond. |
| How do they use indicator species to test for pollution? | An absence of the mayfly larva and lots of water louse could suggest polluted waters. An absence of water louse and lots of mayfly larva could suggest clean water |
| What are the advantages of using indicator species? | -Cheap -Reliable -Monitors levels over a long period of time |
| What is an advantage of using direct methods? | -Accurate results at any specific time |
| Give 4 reasons as to why people think that conservation is important | -Protect food supply -Protect damage to food chain -Protect organisms that could be usefully for medical studies -protect organisms/habitats that people enjoy to visit/study |
| When are species at risk of extinction? | If the number of individuals/habitats fall below critical levels |
| What are the 3 important factors to include when trying to conserve a species? | -population size (a small pop size means unlikely to be enough genetic variation to enable it to survive) -Number of suitable habitats available -Amount of competition from other species |
| Name 3 things that whale's bodies are used for? | -Teeth for buttons -Liver for oil -Skin for accessories |
| Why do some people object captive breeding with whales? | They lose their freedom |
| Why is it hard to police whaling? | the sea is so vast |
| What is an alternative to killing whales to find out more about them? | Study migration patterns and whale communication |
| What does sustainable development mean? | Taking enough resources for current needs whilst leaving enough for future generations and not causing permanent damage |
| 2 examples of sustainable development | -Fishing quotas -Replanting woods |
| 3 ways we can put sustainable development into practice what will this help achieve? | -Manage alternative fuels (to fossil fuels) -Supply increasing amounts of food for population without destroying large areas of natural habitats -Dispose of large amount of waste products to minimise pollution HELP SAVE ENDANGERED SPECIES |
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