38413835
Description
Flashcards by Fatima Conteh, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Fatima Conteh
about 2 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Magnification | Magnification: The number of times larger an image of an object is than the real size of the object. Magnification = Image size / Actual size |
| Resolution | Resolution: The ability to distinguish between two objects very close together. The higher the resolution, the greater the detail. The greater the wavelength, the more the diffraction and the lower the resolution. |
| Light microscope | Uses light to form photomicrograph Maximum magnification: x1500 Maximum resolution: 200 nm |
| Electron microscope | Uses electrons to form electron micrograph Maximum magnification: x1500000 Maximum resolution: 0.2 nm |
| Transmission electron microscope (TEM) | Forms a 2D image Higher resolution and forms thinner images |
| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) | Forms a 3D image Lower resolution |
| Conversions | 1 metre = 100 centimetres 1 metre = 1000 millimetres 1 centimetre = 10 millimetres 1 millimetre = 1000 micrometres 1 micrometre = 1000 nanometres |
| Typical animal cell | |
| Typical plant cell | |
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Cell surface membrane (7 nm)
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Csm (binary/octet-stream)
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Phospholipid bilayer Partially permeable and controls exchange between the cell and its environment Acts as a barrier to the surroundings |
| Nucleus | The nuclear envelope has pores to control the exchange between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Chromatin is the material from which chromosomes are made. Chromosomes are a structure of tightly coiled chromatin. The nucleolus is where ribosomes are produced. |
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Er (binary/octet-stream)
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A network of membrane-bound flattened sacs. Rough ER folds and processes proteins Smooth ER synthesised steroids and lipids |
| Ribosomes (80S) | Non-membrane-bound and spherical Site of protein synthesis |
| Golgi Apparatus and Vesicles | A stack of flattened sacs that are formed from the ER. Modify and package proteins into vesicles. Sugars added to proteins and lipids to form glycolipids and glycoproteins. Vesicles transport proteins and lipids to the cell surface membrane. |
| Lysosomes | Contains digestive enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes) for: Getting rid of unwanted cell components and self-digestion. Endocytosis and Exocytosis. |
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Mitochondria
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Mito (binary/octet-stream)
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Site for aerobic respiration and produces ATP. |
| Microtubules | Tubes of protein made of tubulin. Essential for beating movements of cilia and flagella, form part of centrioles, needed in cell division, intracellular network system. |
| Centrioles and Centrosomes | Centrioles are a pair of cylindrical structures made from microtubules and found outside the nucleus. Centrosomes are the main microtubule organising centre (MTOC). |
| Cilia and Flagella | Whip-like structures that cause the movement of fluid or locomotion. |
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Chloroplasts
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Chloro (binary/octet-stream)
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The site of photosynthesis and the site of starch storage. |
| Cell wall | In plants: made of cellulose. In bacteria: made of peptidoglycan (murein). Provides mechanical strength and support. Prevents cells from bursting. |
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Plasmodesma
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Plas (binary/octet-stream)
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Pore-like structure in plant cell walls that allow controlled passage of materials from cell to cell. |
| Vacuole | Storage of salts, sugars and waste products and provide support for the plant cell as it builds up turgor pressure. |
| Bacterial Cell | |
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Circular DNA
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Cd (binary/octet-stream)
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Found in the nucleoid, which also contains proteins and RNA. |
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Pili
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Pili (binary/octet-stream)
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Fine protein rods that vary in length and stiffness. Used for attachment and interactions with other cells or surfaces. |
| Plasmid | A small circle of DNA separate from the main DNA of the cell. Contain genes that provide resistance to antibiotics. They can copy themselves. |
| Capsule | Made of polysaccharides and protects the bacterium from drying out. Some capsules prevent phagocytosis. |
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Eukaryotes
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Euk (binary/octet-stream)
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Prokaryotes
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Prok (binary/octet-stream)
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| Virus |
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