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| Question | Answer |
| Outcome of First Berlin Crisis 1948-1949 | Creation of East + West Germany Berlin in heart of East Germany |
| Berlin - the 'Problem' for Khrushchev | Berlin an 'open border' - 3.5 million defections between 1949 + 61 (Brain Drain) / Western espionage 'rife'! West Berlin 'thriving economically' |
| Khrushchev's Berlin Ultimatum, 1958 | The West to 'demilitarise' Berlin within six months. West ignore - Khrushchev does nothing |
| Role of Walter Ulbricht | East Germany leader - hardline Stalinist - urging Khrushchev to come up with a 'solution'. |
| The Wall | 13 August 1961 Began as a barbed wire fence, reinforced over the next 10 years |
| Purpose of the Wall | To prevent more defections. To reduce Western espionage. (It never stopped it) To end the 'embarrassment' of having a capitalist 'enclave' in the Eastern Bloc. |
| Soviet Propaganda / response | USSR claimed a victory - calling the wall the 'Anti-facist Protection Wall'. Likely it was behind Khrushchev putting missiles in Cuba (He needed a Cold War 'victory') |
| Western Propaganda / response | Claimed moral victory for 'democracy' - East having to 'force its citizens to stay by constructing a wall'. June 1963 - JFK 'Ich bin ein Berliner' speech. |
| Checkpoint Charlie 'Stand off' 27/28 October, 1961 | Western diplomats denied access to East Berlin / General Clay ordered US M-48 tanks to the checkpoint! / Khrushchev order T-55s to the checkpoint. Tanks faced off 150 metres apart! |
| Checkpoint Charlie - resolution | Back channels opened Soviet tank moved back 1 metre - US reciprocated, until all tanks had been stood down. Lasted 16 hours.... |
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