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Question	Answer
William the Conqueror	With support from the Pope he sailed his army to the Channel of England and won at the Battle of Hastings. He became king of England on Christmas Day, 1066.
Common Law	A legal system based on custom and court rulings.
Jury	A group of men sworn to speak the truth, they determined if a case went to trail.
King John	Son of Henry II, a clever, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler. He lost to: King Phillip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and his own English nobles.
Magna Carta	Shaped English government: 1. All citizens had certain rights. 2. Monarch must obey the law.
Due Process of Law	The requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does.
Habeas Corpus	The principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime.
Paraliament	Formally the Great Council. The legislature of England, and later of Great Britain
Louis IX	King of France in 1226, deeply religious and persecuted heretics, Jews, and Muslims. Later declared a saint by the Church. He listened in on court cases.
Holy Roman Empire	Empire of west central Europe from 962-1806, comprising present-day Germany and neighboring lands.
Henry IV	He was crowned King in 1054 and later became the Holy Roman Emperor. Conflict between monarchs and the Church erupted.
Pope Gregory VII	Instituted reforms that surrounded hatred and contempt. He banned the practice of lay investiture.
Lay Investiture	A person who is not a member of the clergy.
Frederick Barbarossa	Also known as "Red Beard", he dreamed of building an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic. He conquered northern cities of Italy but the Pope and Lombard League beat him out.
Pope Innocent III	He claimed supremacy over all other rulers. He said, "He stands between God and man, lower than God but higher than men, who judges all and is judges by no one."
Crusades	A series of wars from the 1000s through 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims.
Holy Land	Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus lived and preached.
Pope Urban II	Helped Christian knights to fight the Muslim Turks.
Reconquista	The campaign to drive Muslims from the peninsula.
Ferdinand and Isabella	A married couple unified the state called Spain. They made a final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granada
Inquisition	h
Scholasticism	h
Thomas Aquinas	h
Vernacular	h
Dante Alighieri	h
Geoffrey Chaucer	h
Gothic Style	h
Flying Buttresses	h
Illumination	h
Black Death	h
Epidemic	h
Inflation	h
Schism	h
Longbow	h

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World History Chapter 8 Vocabulary

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