4065441
Description
Flashcards by Caitlin Hadfield, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Caitlin Hadfield
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Affixes | Things attached to words Eg: un |
| Assonance | Repetition of vowel sounds for effect. |
| Archaic lexis | Words used in earlier century's |
| Anaphora | Describes the practice of referring backwards in language |
| Articulator | Lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, glottis. |
| Apposition | A relationship between two or more words or phrases in which the two units are grammatically parallel. Eg: Mrs chip the joiners wife. |
| Alveolar | The alveolar ridge is a flatish platform that is the most common place in the mouth for articulating consonants. |
| Abstract noun | A noun used for a non-physical thing. |
| Ambiguity | The quality of being open to more than one interpretation. |
| Antonym | Contrasting words (E.g hot and cold) |
| Adjective | A word used to describe something. |
| Actual writer | The 'real' person or people responsible for text production. |
| Apposition | A relationship between two or more words or phrases in which the two units are grammatically parallel. (E.g. Mrs Chip the joiners wife) |
| Actual reader | Any person or groups of people who engage with and interpret a text. |
| Anti-language | The language of a social group which develops as a means of preventing people from outside the group understanding it. |
| Amelioration | When a word becomes more positive over time (E.g. 'wicked') |
| Abbreviations | Eg: 'cause' instead of 'because'. |
| Accent | The ways in which words are pronounced. Accent can vary according to the region or social class of a speaker. |
| Adjacency pairs | Parallel expressions used across the boundaries of individual speaking turns. They are usually ritualistic and formulaic socially. Eg: 'How are you?' / 'Fine thanks'. |
| Blended-mode | A text which contains conventional elements of both speech and writing. |
| Biblical lexis | Words used in the language of the bible and would sound old fashioned to a modern speaker |
| Blending | Making a single word out of parts of two separate words. (E.g. Leggings + Jeans = Jeggings) |
| Broadening | When a word broadens and has added meaning (E.g. dog used to mean the animal but now it means all of the breeds of dogs). |
| Back-Channel features | Words, phrases and non-verbal utterances Eg: When listening to someone on the phone and you say 'Yeah', 'I see', 'Okay', 'Uh huh'. |
| Cliches | Might be used to indicate that the speaker has nothing to say, That they are buying some time or that they don't care about the conversation very much. Eg: 'That's life'. |
| Colloquial idiom | The phrases which characterize spoken language and which don't seem to serve any particular communicative function in and of themselves. Eg: 'in a minute', 'the thing is', 'As far as i can see'. |
| Cohesion | Text is connected / flows together by the use of connectives |
| Contraction | A reduced form often marked by an apostrophe in writing. Eg: 'Can't = Cannot', 'She'll = She will'. |
| Common nouns | Nouns which do not refer to a particular person, place, day or time of year. |
| Consonance | Deliberate repetition of consonant sounds for effect. |
| Connector of enumeration | A word used to show what order / when things occur. |
| Connotation | Feelings, ideas and attitudes associated with word choices |
| Conversational speech | Characteristic of informal spoken language or conversation. |
| Connector of addition | A word used to show that you are adding more information. |
| Concrete noun | Words used to describe physical objects. |
| Continuum | A sequence in which elements that are next to each other are not noticeably different but elements at the opposite ends are very different from each other. |
| Compounding | Putting words together. |
| Courtesy terms | Eg: 'Please', 'Thank you' |
| co-operative principles | Grice's maxims |
| Convert prestige | Convert prestige refers to the status of those speakers who don't yet own the 'dialect' of the group they desire to belong to. |
| Derivational prefixes / suffixes | Added to a root to form a new word |
| Deixis | Pointing words such as 'this', 'that', 'here', 'there' |
| Discourse(s) | This word has many meanings, for spoken language it is used to refer to the routines of language. Eg: the language routine when we visit our doctor, or get sent to see the head of house/year. (these examples give aspects of power) |
| Discourse event | An act of communication occurring in a specific time and location involving writers/speakers and readers/listeners. |
| Decontextualised extracts | Taking bits apart from things such as posters, texts etc. |
| Discourse community | A group of people with shared interests and belief systems who are likely to respond to texts in similar ways. |
| Delection | Something is left out. Delection's refer to words which are left out. Ellipsis normally refers to more than one missing word. |
| Dialect | The distinctive grammar and vocabulary which is associated with a regional social use of a language. |
| Denotation | The literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests: |
| Descriptivist | A linguist that analyses and explores the effects of language |
| Discourse event | An act of communication occurring in a specific time and location involving writers / speakers and readers / listeners. |
| Digressions | If you steer away from the the topic then you digress. Digressions are often used to give a new perspective or direction to a subject. HEDGES are often used to introduce digression. |
| Everyday lexis | Words and phrases that are the most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. |
| Formal Lexis | Suitable for formal speech and writing but not normally used in an ordinary conversation |
| Figurative language | imagery techniques (E.g. Metaphor, simile etc) |
| False start | When you start speaking, pause, and then correct yourself. |
| Free morpheme | A morpheme that can stand on its own as a word |
| Genre | A way of grouping texts based on expected shared conventions. |
| Homophone | A word pronounced the same as another but differs in meaning. |
| Hyponym | Words that fit into categories (E.g. Dog breeds: Collie, shih Tzu etc) |
| Hedge | When you don't give a definite answer (E.g. 'possibly' / 'I might') |
| Hypernym | Name/ types of categories (E.g. Dog breeds) |
| Heterophone | A word that is written identically but has a different pronunciation and meaning. |
| Humorous lexis | Words that are normally used in a joking way |
| Interruptions | The speaker hasn't finished but someone else starts talking anyway. |
| Impolite lexis | Words and phrases that are considered rude and that might offend some people |
| Inflectional prefixes / suffixes | Show tense of verbs / plural form of nouns |
| Informal lexis | Words / phrases used in normal conversation but may not be suitable in more formal contexts Eg: in essays |
| intertextuality | A process by which texts borrow from or refer to conventions of other texts for a specific purpose and effect. |
| Implied writer | A constructed image of an idealised writer. |
| Irony | The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. |
| Implicature | What is being implied rather than what is being said. |
| Idiolect | Individual language thumbprint of the words we say / how we speak. |
| Inference | Reading between the lines. |
| Intonation | The sound pattern of phrases and sentences produced by pitch variation in the voice.. |
| Jargon | The language, especially vocabulary, peculiar to a particular trade, profession, or group. Eg: Medical Jargon |
| Lexis | The framework that deals with the vocabulary system of language |
| Lexical onomatopoeia | Words where there is a connection between its sound and meaning. Eg: splash. |
| Literary lexis | Words used mainly in English literature and not in normal speech of writing. |
| Loudness | Strongly audible; having exceptional volume or intensity: loud talking; loud whispers. |
| Lexicon | The vocabulary for a language |
| Legal lexis | Words with a technical meaning used by lawyers, in legal documents etc |
| layout | The way in which something is presented. |
| Lexicon | The full vocabulary of a language or of a group, individual, field of study. Eg: Tyre, Oil, Engine, Car etc) |
| Media | Newspapers, Magazines, TV and Music. |
| Medical lexis | Words or phrases that are more likely to be used by doctors than ordinary people. |
| Minimal pair | Two words that differ in only one sound. |
| Modal auxiliary verb | An auxiliary verb that joins with the main verb to demonstrate commitment towards an event or person that a speaker holds. Eg: may, must, could |
| Multi-purpose text | A text that clearly has more than one purpose. |
| Mode | The physical channel of communication: either speech or writing. |
| Material verb | A word describing something physical. |
| Morpheme | Smallest grammatical unit |
| Mental verb | A word to show you are doing something non-physical (E.g. Thinking) |
| Minimal pair | Two words that differ in only one sound |
| Multimodal text | Text that contains features of the spoken mode and the written mode |
| Non-Fluency Features | Typical and normal characteristics of spoken language that interrupt the 'flow' of talk. Eg: Hesitations, False starts, Fillers, Repetitions etc. |
| Nouns | A word used for naming a person, place thing or idea. |
| Negative face | When you do not accept someone's face (turn your back when someone is speaking) |
| Non-Sequitur | A comment which, due to its lack of meaning relative to the comment it follows, is absurd to the point of being humorous or confusing. |
| Non-lexical onomatopoeia | Signify a meaning through the use of sound. Eg: vrooom, brrrmmmm. |
| Neology | The process of creating (coining) new words in a vocabulary |
| Narrowing | When a word goes from being very broad to being very specific (E.g. 'girl' means young/ meant gender) |
| Neutral topics | Eg: The weather. |
| Overlaps | One speaker talks at the same time as an other. Eg: possibly to reassure someone. |
| Oppositional view | A way of defining the difference between modes by arguing that they have completely different features. |
| Orthography | The study of the use of letters (Capitals, italics, fonts etc) |
| Old-fashioned lexis | Words that were commonly used in the past, but would sound old fashioned today. |
| Pace / timing | The process or art of regulating actions or remarks in relation to others to produce the best effect. |
| Paralinguistic Features | Related to body language - it is the use of gestures, facial expressions + other non-verbal elements (such as laughter) to add meaning to the speakers message beyond the words being spoken. |
| Phatic talk | Conversational utterances that have no concrete purpose other than to establish or maintain personal personal relationships. Its related to small talk and follows traditional patterns. Eg: 'How are you?' / 'Fine', 'Cold isn't it?' / 'Freezing'. |
| Pitch | The degree of height or depth of a tone or of sound, depending upon the relative rapidity of the vibrations by which it is produced. |
| Primary auxiliary verb | An auxiliary verb that joins with the main verb to show tense Eg: be, do, have |
| Pragmatics | An approach to discourse analysis which focuses less on structures and more on contexts and purposes of people talking to each other. |
| Prosodic features | Includes features such as stress, rhythm, pitch, tempo and intonation - which are used by speakers to mark out key meanings in a message. |
| Phonological manipulation (Playing with sounds) | Creative changes in sound patterns for deliberate effect. |
| Politeness strategies | Ways of maintaining a conversation to keep it going. |
| Possessive pronoun | Shows that you have possession of something. |
| Pejoration | When words change over time to become more negative (E.g. 'gay') |
| Place of articulation | The physical location as to where sound is created Eg: lips, teeth etc. |
| Proper nouns | The name of a particular person, place, day or time of year. Always begins with a capital letter. |
| Preposition | Words to show the time and place. |
| Phonetics | how sounds are produced |
| Positive face | When you accept people's face and act nice so they accept yours. |
| Prescriptivist | A linguist that believes that language must follow rules and should stick to them |
| Phonology | the science of speech (sound system) |
| Primary purpose | The main and most recognisable purpose. |
| Prosodics | The study of how meaning can be changed through changing volume, pace etc |
| Representation | The portrayal of events, people, and circumstances through language and other meaning-making resources (E.g. images and sound) to create a way of seeing the world. |
| Root word | Main unit of meaning |
| Register | A variety of language that is associated with a particular situation of use. |
| Repair | Same as a false start. |
| Semantics | The framework that deals with meaning and how that is generated within texts |
| Situational characteristic | A key characteristic of the time, place and contexts in which communication takes place. |
| Sound ionicity | The matching of sound to an aspect of meaning. |
| Sibilance | Repetition of fricat (ss, zzzz) sounds for effect. |
| Situation of use | A specific place, time, and context in which communication takes place. |
| Semantic field | Words used for a particular topic to create a certain atmosphere. |
| Spoken lexis | Words or phrases used only in conversion. |
| Synonym | Different words that have the same meaning. |
| Sociolect | Variation in language use associated with members of a particular social group. |
| Secondary purpose | An additional and more subtle purpose. |
| Text receivers | The people interpreting a text. |
| Text producer's | The people responsible for creating a text. |
| Taboo Lexis | Words that should not be used because they are rude and offensive. |
| Technical lexis | Words used by doctors, scientists and other specialists. |
| Implied reader | A constructed image of an idealised reader. |
| Trade marks | Words that are the name of particular products. |
| Tag question | Asking someone a question in conversation. |
| Typography | The study of how things are written in text form. |
| Written lexis | Words and phrases used only in written English. |
| Verb phrase | A group of words centred around a head verb. Can also contain auxiliary's |
| Variation | The differences associated with particular instances of language use and between groups of language users. |
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