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| Question | Answer |
| Conducting Zone Structures | Nose Nasopharyngeal Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles |
| Conducting Zone Functions | 1. Bring air into and out of the respiratory zone for gas exchange 2. Warm, humidify, and filter the air before it reaches the gas exchange. |
| Conducting Zone Ciliated Mucous Cells | Remove inhaled particles by trapping them in the mucus and using the mucocilliary escalator to sweep the particles out of the respiratory tract. |
| Conducting Zone Smooth Muscle | This is innervated by the ANS. Sympathetic innervation is through B2 receptor which leads to dilation of airway while parasympathetic innervation is through muscarinic receptors which leads to constriction of the airways. |
| Conducting Zone Cartilage Rings | Provides struture all support to the trachea and bronchi (patchy). They are not found in the bronchiole. |
| Respiratory Zone Structures | The respiratory zone includes structures that participate in gas exchange. 1. Respiratory bronchioles 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Alveolar sacs |
| Respiratory Zone Respiratory Bronchioles | Transitional structures that contain cilia and smooth muscle but also alveoli which bud off their walls. The alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs are completely lined with alveoli. |
| Respiratory Zone Alveoli | Pouch like evaginations of the walls of the respiratory zone. They have a large surface area and are the site of exchange of O2 and CO2 between Alvolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood. |
| Respiratory Zone Alveoli Structures | Alveoli are lined with the following: 1. Elastic Tissue: for recoil and compliance 2. Type 1 pneumocytes: gas exchange 3. Type 2 pneumocytes: Provide surfactant that reduces surface tension 4. Alveolar macrophages: Keep alveoli free of dust and debris since they do not have cilia. They then migrate to the bronchioles where the mucocilliary elevator carries them to the pharynx to be swallowed or expect orated. |
| Pulmonary Blood Flow | The output of the right heart and passes through the pulmonary artery, smaller arteries that follow the bronchi, arterioles and pulmonary capillaries surrounding the alveoli. Pulmonary blood flow is not distributed evenly throughout the lungs due to gravitational effects. |
| Pulmonary Blood Flow Regulation | Accomplished by altering the diameter of the pulmonary arterioles. This is generally mediated by local factors (O2) |
| Lung Volumes Spirometer | Used to measure the static volumes of the lungs. |
| Lung Volumes Tidal Volume | The amount of air inhaled and exhales on a normal breath. Includes air in the alveoli + air in the airways. Normal Vt is 500mL |
| Lung VOlumes Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | The additional volume that can be inspired beyond Vt. Approx. 3000mL |
| Lung Volumes Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | The additional volume that can be expired below the tidal volume. Normally around 1200mL |
| Lung Volumes Residual Volume (RV) | The volume of gas in the lungs after maximal expiration. Approx 1200mL Cannot be measured with spirometry |
| Lung Capacities Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | The maximal amount of air that can be inspired IC = Vt + IRV |
| Lung Capacities Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a regular tidal expiration. FRC = ERV + RV. Approx 2400mL and is called equilibrium volume. It cannot be measured with spirometry. |
| Lung Capacities Vital Capacity (VC) | The volume of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration. Approx 4700mL VC = IC + ERV = IRV + Vt + ERV |
| Lung Capacities Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | Includes all lung volumes and represents the amount of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration. TLC = VC + RV = IRV + ERV + RV = Vt Approx 6000mL Cannot be measured with spirometry |
| Measurement of FRC Helium Dilution | Patient breathes in a known amount of helium. Helium is insoluble in blood. After a few breaths, all of the helium has been released by the patient into a promoter except was is present in the residual volume. Thus, the residual volume can be determined by subtracting the amount expired from the known amount. |
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