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| Question | Answer |
| developmental psychologist | the scientific study of how and why human beings develop over the course of their life |
| nature vs nuture | one of the oldest arguments in the history of psychology; each side has good points but it is hard to determine if a person's development is predisposed in their DNA of if the majority of it is influenced by experiences and environment |
| cross sectional research | type of observational study that involves the analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point and time |
| longitudinal study | study conducted over a long period of time |
| zygote, embryo, fetus | an embryo is considered to be defined as the organism between the first division of the zygote ( a fertilized egg) until it becomes a fetus |
| teratogens | an agent of factor that causes malformation in an embryo |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | caused by excessive consumption of alcohol by mother during pregnancy |
| rooting reflex | neonates tendency to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek |
| moro reflex | the infant will spread out its arms when it feels like it is falling |
| babinski reflex | an infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke of the foot |
| Harry Harlow's attachment research | Harry Harlow used baby monkeys to show contact comfort and applied to baby humans |
| contact comfort | the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact |
| Konrad Lorenz and imprinting | studied instinct behavior in animals; young animal comes to recognize something else as its parent |
| critical period | maturational stage in the life span in which the nervous system is very sensitive to certain stimuli |
| Mary Ainsworth /"Strange Situation" | observes attachment relationships between a caregiver and child; it applies to children between the ages of nine and eighteen months |
| secure attachment | classified by children that show distress when their caregiver leaves |
| avoidant attachment | theory that proposes that the type of romantic relationship one has with an adult is determined by the type of relationship had with one's caregiver as a child |
| anxious ambivalent attachment | attachment style where the child will ignore the caregiver, showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns |
| authoritarian ( parenting style) | parents have high expectations and strict rules and expect them to be followed unconditionally |
| permissive | non directive or lenient parent, normally having few expectations for the child |
| authoritative | usually not as controlling as authoritarian parents, allowing the child to explore more freely, thus having them make their own decisions based on their own reasoning |
| Sigmund Freud | father of psychoanalysis |
| Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Theory | comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence |
| schemata | a representation of a plan or theory in the form of an outline or model |
| assimilation | the process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group |
| accommodation | a convenient arrangement; a settlement or compromise |
| sensorimotor stage | the first stage Jean Piaget uses to define cognitive development; during this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their body and the environment. |
| object permanence | understanding that objects still exist even when they can not be observed |
| preoperational stage | the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; begins at age about age two when child begins to talk and ends at about age seven; children begin to engage in symbolic play and manipulate symbols |
| egocentric | the thinking only of oneself, without regard to the desires or feelings of others; self centered |
| animism | the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe |
| concrete operations | performing a variety of mental operations and thoughts using concrete concepts |
| law of conservation | principle that in any closed system subjected to no external forces, the mass is constant irrespective of its changes in form |
| formal operations | person is capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning |
| deferred gratification- Stanford University Marshmallow experiment | the ability to resist temptation for immediate reward and wait for a later reward |
| Lev Vygotsky | russian psychologist ;"social development theory" |
| zone of proximal development (ZPD) | the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help |
| Erik Erikson's psychological development theory | psychoanalytical theory which identifies eight stages through which a healthy developing human being should pass through from infancy to adulthood |
| trust vs. mistrust | trust is defined as "an essential truthfulness of others as well as a fundamental sense of one's own trustworthiness" |
| autonomy vs. shame and doubt | is the second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychological development; this stage occurs between the ages of 18 months and to approximately age two to three years; children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self control |
| initiative vs. guilt | this stage occurs in the preschool years between the ages of three and five ; children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and social interaction |
| industry vs. inferiority | fourth stage in theory of psychological development; occurs during childhood between ages six and eleven |
| identity vs. role confusion | adolescence go through a psychological crisis , which involves exploring who they are as adults |
| intimacy vs. isolation | sixth stage of psychosocial development, this stage takes place during young adulthood usually between the ages of 19 and 40; during this period, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people |
| generativity vs. stagnation | the seventh stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development; take place during middle adulthood between the ages of 40 and 65 |
| integrity vs. despair | the final stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development |
| Lawrence Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development | constitute an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget |
| preconventional stage | the conventional level of moral reasoning is typical of adolescents and adults |
| conventional stage | consists of the third and fourth stage of moral development |
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