5111268
Description
Flashcards by Sam Yarnall, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sam Yarnall
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the three things that Halliday outlined in register? | Tenor. Mode. Field. |
| What is an abstract noun? | A noun that expresses emotion or idea that you cannot touch. For instance 'despair' |
| What is a presupposition? | It is where the author assumes that the audience will understand the topics and the context of the text. |
| What is a marked term? | A term that is stereotypically associated with a particular gender e.g. A doctor is stereotypically associated with men. |
| What were Lakoff's findings in the deficit approach in terms of her findings towards women? | Tag question are used to signify uncertainty. Hedges and fillers are used. Empty adjectives such as 'divine' and 'amazing' Intensifiers. Precise colour terms. More polite than men. Standard grammar. Avoid taboo Emphatic stress on specific words. |
| What is lexical asymmetry? | Words that cause a division. |
| What is a transitive verb? | A verb with an object. |
| What is an intransitive verb? | A verb without an object. |
| What are the three types of modal verbs and what are they used for (associated with Fairclough's theory)? | Epistemic- Used for relating to a belief and knowledge. Deontic- Used for relating to obligation and permission. Dynamic- Describe how something happens. |
| What is a comparative adjective? | A form of an adjective that designates comparisons between two things. Generally they are formed with the suffix -er. |
| What is a superlative adjective? | A form of an adjective that expresses the highest level of the quality that is represented by the adjective. It is formed with the suffix -est. |
| What are Grice's Maxims? | Quantity - Say the right amount of detail to get the point across. Quality- Say something that is truthful, that contains evidence. Relation- Relevance. Manner- Be orderly and polite. |
| What are Halliday's individual points about his theory of the 'Ideational Metafunction?' | Who and whom= Participants. What= Processes i.e. actions that are going on. When, where and how = Circumstances. |
| Which word classes did Halliday associate with each point for his theory of the 'Ideational Metafunction?' | Who and Whom= Nouns/pronouns. What= Verbs of action and states. When, where and how= adverbs, prepositions and adverbial phrases. |
| What is a pronoun? | A word which stands in place of a noun or noun phrases. |
| What is a prepositions? | A word which shows how elements in a sentence or clause relate to each other in time and space. |
| What is a conjunction? | A word that joins clauses together. FANBOYS |
| What are proper nouns? | Words used for a specific place, people or things. |
| What are concrete/common nouns? | Nouns that refer to things we can see, touch or experience physically in some way. |
| What is the definite article? | Determiners such as 'the.' |
| What is the indefinite article? | 'a' or 'an' |
| What is a simple sentence? | A sentence that contains only one clause and contains only one verb. |
| What is a compound sentence? | A sentence that links two or more clauses together using conjunction. |
| What is a complex sentence? | A sentence that links two or more clauses together using conjunctions such as 'because' (anyone's that aren't fanboys.') The subordinate clauses can't stand alone. |
| What is a minor/fragment sentence? | It is either a phrase or a subordinate clause which is being used as a 'proper' sentence. |
| What is the active voice? | The clause construction where the subject is also the actor. |
| What is the passive voice? | The clause construction where the subject is not the actor. |
| What three things did Wareing in 1999 discover in terms of language and power? | Political- Law. Personal- Occupation Social group- Friend, family and class in society. |
| What are the two types of power? | Instrumental- Law. Influential- Persuasion |
| What did Fairclough outline in power within discourse? | Context. Who, what, where, when and why. |
| What did Fairclough outline in power behind discourse? | Influential power. Concerned with the organisation of institutions and the effect of these various power relations on the language. |
| What was Sapir and Whorf's theory of linguistic determinism? | Language determines thought. |
| What were Fairchlough's theory of synthetic personalisation? | The process of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language usage. |
| What does face mean? | Self esteem. |
| What is Positive face? | To feel valued, respected. |
| What is negative face? | To feel threatened, undervalued. |
| What is F.T.A (face threatening act)? | Actions that threaten face needs. |
| What did Browne and Levinson outline in their politeness principles? | Most impolite: Bald on Record. Positive politeness. Negative politeness. Polite, indicating:Off record. |
| What word is classed as the definite article? | The |
| What word is classed as the indefinite article? | A |
| What are the three types of verbs? | Lexical. Auxiliary Modal |
| What is a conjunction? | A word that connects parts of a sentence. |
| What is morphology? | It is how prefix's and suffixes morphs words to have a different word class and meaning. |
| What is Jargon? | Certain words used in a certain context. Not normally understood. Occupational words. |
| What is semiotic Potential? | Meaning of pictures and their effect. |
| What is an euphemism? | It is where a phrase is used to soften the harsh reality. |
| How are pauses in speech shown? | (.) or ([with any number that indicates the time.]) |
| How can interruptions be shown in speech? | // |
| What are hedges in speech? | A way of making an utterance less certain. People sometimes think it is rude to make a definite statement. |
| What is the difference between ellipsis and elision? | Ellipsis is where words are missed out. Elision is where words are missed out. |
| What is anaphora? | The same phrase repeated at the beginning of neighbouring clauses. |
| What is hendiadys? | Two words linked by the conjunction 'and' rather than one modifying the other. |
| What is triadic structure? | Information structured in 3 parts. |
| What is antithesis? | Two contrasting parts of a sentence, in antithesis to the other. |
| What is litotes? | An understatement: the deliberate underplay of something. |
| What is Bathos? | Anti-climax |
| What is epistrophe? | The repetition of a word or a phrase ate the end of sentences. |
| What is praetertitio? | Announcing that one is not going to mention something as a sly way of mentioning it. |
| What is auxexis? | A gradual increase in intensity of meaning with words arranged in ascending order of force or importance. |
| What were Joos' points for formality. | 1) Frozen- Highly impersonal and formal. 2) Deliberative- Carefully considered and planned language. 3) Consultative- Reflects language used with strangers or people of slight acquaintances. 4) Casual- Friends. 5) Intimate- People you know very well. |
| What are Grice's maxims? | Quantity. Quality. Manner. Relevance. |
| What were Trudgill's theory? | Overt prestige: Language attaches to respectable, socially desirable. Covert prestige: Change language to reach a lower status. |
| What is convergence? | This is where language of speakers comes together. |
| What is divergence? | This is where language of speakers divides. |
| What is exophoric reference? | It is where references are made that are often cultural and beyond the text. |
| What is asymmetrical power? | An imbalance of power. |
| What is anaphoric reference? | Anaphoric reference means that a word in a text refers back to other ideas in the text for its meaning. |
| What is Cataphoric reference? | Cataphoric reference means that a word in a text refers to another later in the text and you need to look forward to understand. It can be compared with anaphoric reference, which means a word refers back to another word for its meaning. |
| What is idiolect? | Your own individual way of speaking. |
| What is a hypernym? | Categories. |
| What is a hyponym. | An example of a category. |
| What is juxtaposition? | It is where two contrasting statements are next to each other. |
| What is an adjacency pair? | A pair of utterances in a conversation that go together. |
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