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| Question | Answer |
| Do leaves form above or below the bud? | Below |
| What is one defense mechanisms that some buds have to ward off pests? | A sticky coating |
| Why do some buds have hairs on them? | To help regulate temperature and help keep moisture from escaping |
| Describe a continuous Pith | It is sold (it can be spongy) |
| Describe a Chambered Pith | Has empty space. (Sponge toffee) |
| Does the pith grow with the plant? | No. |
| Does the number of vascular bundles differ from plant to plant if they are the same species? | No. The number of vascular bundles stay the same |
| What is the importance of water in plants? | Needed for plant cells to be active. Uptake of nutrients. Moves minerals around inside of plant. Its loss helps plants stay cooler. |
| What is transpiration | Water loss through leaves |
| What is the large structure inside of the plant cell? | The Vacuole |
| The cell pumps water into the vacuole causing it to swell and cause the cell to press against the cell wall. What is this pressure called? | Turgor pressure |
| Without turgor pressure the plant will? | Wilt |
| What is the one plant nutrient that is not found in the soil water? | Carbon Dioxide |
| Plants absorb water through structures in the growing tips called? | Root Hairs |
| Where do the root hairs grow and why? | Between the soil particles to find water |
| Root hairs absorb water mainly through what process? | Osmosis |
| What is Osmosis? | It is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane, from a place of low salute concentration to a place of higher solute concentration |
| Does turgor pressure affect woody plants or only herbaceous plants? | Only Herbaceous plants. Woody plants don't show lack of water till later because the stem and twigs don't wilt |
| How many root hairs can you have in a 1 inch square? | 1/4 million |
| Approximate root hair size? | 5 micro meters wide and 1.5 mm long |
| Life span of a root hair? | 3-4 days |
| Root hairs are small and therefore can fit into smaller spaces. This is especially important when? | With compacted soil. Pore are smaller |
| Describe the movement of water with a root/plant? | Root hair has high solute concentration causing water from soil to transfer into hair. Now root hair is diluted. Water in epidermal has higher solute concentration cause water from root hair to move into the epidermal...... |
| What is a Root Hair? | It is an epidermal cell with extension. One root hair per epidermal cell. |
| What is transpiration? | When water evaporates from the cell of the spongy leaf interior. Water molecules pass through the stomata into the air |
| What does a guard cell do? | It opens and closes the stoma, controlling water loss. |
| What are the large empty dead cells in stems called and what do they do? | Xylem. Water moves through them |
| What is IPM | Integrated Pest Management |
| Name the three types of pests | Insect, disease and plant |
| What are the problems linked to eliminating pests | Pests become more resistant. Health problems developed in workers and public. Some pesticides accumulate in non-target animals (cows eating grass and weeds which were sprayed) |
| What is the Economic Injury Level | Keeping pest population below the level at which they caused significant damage |
| What are 3 common methods of monitoring or scouting | 1) Visual examination of plants 2) Measuring damage to estimate the size of the pest population 3)Trapping the pests to count or estimate their population |
| What is Biological Control | Refers to the use of predatory insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses which are harmful to pests |
| For Biological control to work, these organisms should... | Be good at finding their prey. Reproduce rapidly. Be able to survive when prey numbers are low. Not harm other "none targeted" species |
| What is one thing that could go wrong with biological control? | The predator eats more than just the pest. |
| Sometimes predators that breed well are released at the right time to allow them to breed and multiply. This is called? | Inoculative release |
| Large numbers of slower breeders may be released all at once. This is called? | Inundative release |
| Conservation-In this situation steps are taken to increase numbers of already existing predators so they will be more effective. What are the steps | - Providing breeding spaces - Providing food for adults, such as growing flowers for nectar - Increasing general bio-diversity |
| Vegetative propagation? | Growing from grafting, cuttings, division. Plants are genetically the dame |
| Sexual propagation? | Growing from seed. Some different genetic makeup |
| Natural vegetative propagation? | Division by runners, rhizomes, splitting bulbs, shooting from underground roots, new plants forming in flowers and axils |
| Artificial vegetative propagation? | Take part of the plant (stem, root, leave, but) and encourage that part to produce the missing parts (most commonly roots) |
| Three fruit types from seed | Pome (apple) Nut (pecan) Grain (corn) |
| What 3 things does a seed need to germinate? | Moisture, Oxygen and warmth |
| 3 common factors to break dormancy in regards to temp | 8-16 wks of cool temp. Low temp should be around -2 to +5. Moist envirnoment |
| Vernalization | Planting it where it will grown |
| 3 ways vernalization can be accomplished | 1) Outdoor seed beds. Let nature do its thing 2) Pots in cold storage 3)Germination chambers. Warm chamber. Gibberellic acid may also be used to overcome cool dormancy |
| An example of a biological pesticide? | BT |
| One way to control soil disease from harming a plant | Graft it onto a resistant root-stalk |
| 4 ways crops are grown that have a positive or negative affect on pest control | - crop rotation - use varieties suited for climate and soil - provide the best growing environment - remove infected or diseased plants |
| How do countries prevent pests and diseases from entering areas where they are not wanted? | Quarantine and import controls |
| Mechanical control? | Refers to any practise which removes the pests (picking by hand, trapping, vacuumed) |
| What does responsible pesticide use entail? | - Only spraying when pest population exceeds the economical threshold - Using pesticides with a short life span - Using biological pesticides when possible - On food crops use pesticides that leave little to no residue |
| Name 2 conifers on our list that are not evergreens? | Tamarack and Larch |
| What juniper in narrow at the bottom and wider at the top? | Blaauw Juniper |
| Name one difference between a Larch and a Tamarack? | Tamaracks grown in swamp areas |
| What is meiosis? | DNA of 2 plants are mixed and blended together to form a new plant |
| Imbibition | When the seed takes up a lot of water to start the germination process |
| Why should the media that seeds are germinated in have large pores? | To get oxygen to the seed |
| 3 important features of monocots? | - Parallel veins - Flowering parts in 3s - Don't develop wood |
| 3 features of Dycots? | - Veins reticulate - Flowering parts in 4s or 5s - May develop secondary vascular systems (wood) |
| What is the hypocotyl | The short stem joining leaves at the roots |
| What is the radicle? | (Only Dycots) Also called the tap root. The first root to form. |
| What is the epicotyl | This is the stem above the cotyledons, supporting the first true leaves |
| In some seedlings the cotyledons remain below the ground after germination. What is this called? | hypogeal |
| Why do seeds have a dormancy period? | To give them time to disperse before germinating and until suitable growing conditions occur |
| What % of dormancy is controlled by chemicals inside the seed | 95% |
| What are the 2 types of barriers a seed may have | Chemical and physical |
| Vernalization - Seeds are sown in the normal way and than.... | - Stored at a suitable temp. - without being able to dry out - for the necessary number of weeks |
| What is sexual propagation used for? | - producing large quantities of plants at a low cost (Root-stalk plants, trees for reforestation) - Develop new cultivars - Ensure genetic diversity - In greenhouses to save heating costs over the winter |
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