5510909
Description
Flashcards by Hayley Pfeffer, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hayley Pfeffer
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What does the gall bladder do? | concentrate and store bile |
| What are kupffer cells? | liver macrophages |
| What produces bile? and where does it pass through to get to the gall bladder? | Hepatocytes Bile caniculi- larger bile ducts- gall bladder |
| Define cholestasis | Reduction in bile secretion adn flow |
| What can cause cholestasis? | obstruction of bile ducts obstruction of caniculi caused by hepatocyte swelling- injury or too much fat malfuntion of hepatocytes |
| What are the functions of the liver? | Bile production carbohydrate, lipid and vitamin metabolism protein synthesis + secretion-albumin +clotting factors converts Nh3 to urea Detoxification + safe storage of toxins |
| What are the 2 blood supplies of the liver? where does blood exit the liver from? | hepatic artery Portal vein hepatic vein |
| What is a portal triad made up of? and where do they originate from? | A venule- portal vein An arteriole- hepatic artery Biliary duct |
| Where does the blood in the portal areas flow to? where does this lead to? | central vein hepatic vein |
| If animal becomes hypoxic, which hepatocytes are likely to be damage? | central vein |
| If a hepatic toxin is absorbed from the GIT, which hepatocytes are more likely to be damaged? | It depends, different hepatocytes have different enzymes to deal with different toxins- may not necessarily be the periportal hepatocytes that are damaged first |
| What is the word for inflammation of botht eh liver and biliary tract? | Cholangiohepatitis |
| What is teh word for inflammation of the gall bladder? | Cholecystitis |
| What are some ways teh liver responds to injury? | regeneration fibrosis hyperplasia |
| What does regenerating liver look like? and what can it be mistaken for? | nodular neoplasia |
| When does fibrosis occur? | With chronic or severe injury due to damage that doesn't resolve |
| What does fibrosis cause the liver to look like grossly? | smaller paler firmer |
| What does cirrhosis describe? how does liver appear? what does it result from? | end stage liver small, pale firm chronic, irreversible progression of liver disease |
| What are some changes you see as liver disease progresses towards failure? | oedema neurological signs Increased bleeding time photosensitization changes on bloods |
| Why do you see odema with liver failure? where is the odema seen? | Dysfunctional liver can't make enough albumin to maintain COP- get hypoalbuminaemia- odema abdomen- ascites |
| Why do you see neurological signs with liver failure? | Dysfunctional liver can't convert Ammonia into urea- Ammonia accumulates in blood- toxic to the brain- causes hepatic encephalopathy |
| Why do you see increased bleeding time with liver disease? what CS may you see? what blood work changes may you see? | Dysfunctional liver can't make enough clotting factors to achieve homeostasis lethargy, pale mm, increased CRT, tachycardia, reluctance to exercise regenerative anaemia TTP decreased Mild thrombocytopenia increased APTT, PT |
| Why may liver disease cause photosensitization? | Dysfunctional liver can't excrete phylloerythrin- accumulates in blood and causing photosensitization |
| What are some changes seen on biochemistry with liver failure? | -increased bile acids and bilirubin -decreased urea, glucose, cholesterol, albumin |
| What are some clues that an anaemia is non regenerative? | hx and cs suggest more chronic disease course no retics |
| How do you differentiate between regenerative anaemia due to haemolysis or haemorrhage? | TPP decreased with haemorrhage normal with haemolysis |
| What does polychromasia mean ? what does anisocytosis mean? | different colours different sizes |
| What would make you think an anaemia is potentially regenerative? | acute sounding hx and CS <3-5 days since haemorrhage or haemolysis |
| What is erythrocytosis generally due to? | relative- dehydration |
| What does primary haemostasis involve? | Platelets vWF |
| What does secondary haemostasis involve? | Coagulation factors |
| What does neutrophilia with a left shift reflect? | inflammation |
| What does "toxic change" indicate? | morphological changes in neutrophils due to accelerated maturation indicates inflammation |
| Describe features of a Stress leukogram | Any 2 or more of the following: -mature neutrophilia -monocytosis -lymphopenia -eosinopenia |
| What are the main causes of neutrophilia? | physiological- fear, excitment corticosteroids- stress leukogram inflammation IMHA |
| What may cause a neutropenia? | Increased use- severe inflammation in largies Decreased production- parvo |
| What does panhyperproteinaemia involve? and what usually causes it? | increased TPP, albumin and globulin dehydration |
| What can cause panhypoproteinaemia? | haemorrhage |
| What can cause hyperglobulinaemia? | FIP, inflammation |
| What can cause hypoglobulinaemia? | inadequate colostrum in neonates |
| What can cause non- renal azotaemia? | increased protein catabolism (GIT haemorrhage, high protein diet) only urea increases, creatinine normal |
| What does pre-renal azotameia with a concentrated USG indicate? | dehydration |
| What causes renal azotaemia? | significant renal disease- 7% nephrons non functional |
| What causes post renal azotaemia? | bladder rupture or urethral obstruction |
| What is the range for: hyposthenuric isosthenuric minimal concentration and optimal concentration? | 1.001-1.007 1.008-1.012 1.013-1.030 >1.030/ 1.035 cats |
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