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Question	Answer
4 spheres of coastal processes	Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Atmosphere
Atmosphere	The body of gases that envelop the globe.
Biosphere	All living organisms on earth.
Lithosphere	Solid, rocky crust covering the planet. Composed of minerals. (Sand, dirt, mud, rock).
Hydrosphere	All of the water existing on the planet in all three forms.
A system is made up of (four)...	Inputs Outputs Components Processes
Example of Input:	Wind
Example of Output:	Water vapour
Example of Component:	Rock, existing sand.
Example of Process:	Longshore drift, evaporation etc.
Three aspects of Sustainability:	Economic Environmental Social
Why are the three aspects of sustainability necessary for a sustainable city?	Because they ensure the needs of the present are met without compromising the needs of the future.
Swash	The rush of seawater up the beach after the breaking of a wave.
Backwash	A backward flow of water towards a building wave.
Swell	The movement of wave energy through an ocean, caused by wind and tidal factors.
Spit	A long, narrow deposit of sand extending out from the shore into the sea.
Sea Cave	A cave formed in a cliff by the erosion caused by wave action.
Fetch	The uninterrupted stretch of water that the wind has to build up wave energy.
Bay	A broad inlet of the sea where the land curves inwards, formed by wave action.
Headland	A narrow piece of land that projects from a coastline into the sea.
Longshore Drift	The transportation of sediments along a beach due to the zigzag motion of waves and backwash
Tombolo	When a spit connects a stack or small island to the coastline it becomes a tombolo.
Beach	A shore developed from eroded material on a coastline.
Sand Dune	A ridge of sand created by the wind on a shore.
Bar	When the side of a headland is eroded all the way through to form a bridge-like shape.
Stack	A pinnacle of rock standing just off a headland formed when an arch collapses.
Blowhole	When a cave has cracked to the surface, allowing water to escape through the roof.
Wave trough	The lowest point of a wave.
Wave crest	The highest point of a wave.
Constructive wave	Low, powerless waves with long wavelengths and a strong swash.
Destructive wave	High, powerful waves with short wavelengths and a strong backwash.
Erosion	The process by which rock is loosened or dissolved by wave action.
Transportation	The movement of sediment along a coastline by processes such as longshore drift.
Deposition	When eroded material is dropped by constructive waves.
Wave refraction	The process by which a wave approaching the shore changes direction due to slowing of the parts that enter shallow water first.
Sustainability	When the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own.
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How is material eroded in a coastal environment (4 ways)?	Erosion Abrasion Attrition Hydraulic action
Erosion	The process by which rock is loosened or dissolved by wave action.
Attrition	The process of materials within a wave dissolving by rubbing against eachother.
Abrasion	When rock is eroded through the friction caused by sediments in the wave.
Hydraulic Action	When rock is eroded purely through the water's strength.
How is sediment transported in the coastal environment (4 ways)?	Suspension Solution Traction Saltation
Orbital Motion	The rotation of water beneath the wave caused by the wind.
How does a wave form?	The orbital motion of the water is interrupted by the incline of land, pushing the wave energy upwards and forming a wave crest.
What 3 factors contribute to wave size?	Wind Wavelength Inclination of land
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	Created by Tom Gardener over 10 years ago