7312556
Description
Flashcards by Lisza Neumeier, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lisza Neumeier
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Situation types | -Stative -Dynamic -Durative -Punctual -Non-conclusive -Conclusive -State -Activity -Accomplishment -Achievement -Momentary verbs |
| Hedging | = reducing strength of claims to avoid overstating a clause → Making statements more relative Examples: 1. The results indicate an increase in the inflection rate. → Using modal verbs: may indicate, possibly 2. We must consider two kinds of chemical reactions. → Shall, could |
| Situation types summary diagram | |
| stative verbs | (non-dynamic) : denotes states be small have blue eyes believe belong to posses live in |
| dynamic (event) verbs | -durative or punctual (non-durative) -punctual: achievements: blink, nod, sneeze, cough -durative: we can distinguish between non-conclusive (no inherent endpoint) and conclusive -non-conclusive (activity) eat, run, read, draw (no endpoint!!) -conclusive (accomplishment): eat a piece of cake, run a mile, read an article, ..(given endpoint!!) don’t only concentrate on the verb but also on other constituents (especially OD) |
| primary auxiliary verbs | be; have; do (aspectual aux., passive aux., dummy aux. do) |
| Modal auxiliary verbs | create tense, aspect; will/would, can/could |
| NICE-Properties | Negation = by adding a not 3Inversion = e.g. [I will] see you ! [Will I] see you? Code = e.g. John never sings, but Mary does. Emphasis = I do like grammar. |
| Aspect | How an event/state is seen/viewed by the speaker |
| Perfective aspect | → viewed from the outside; in retrospect = looking back → Present- or Past-Perfect e.g. I have lived in Vienna; I had lived in Vienna |
| Progressive aspect | → viewed from the inside; in progress (makes things sound temporary) → limited view → be + present participle e.g. He is living in Vienna |
| Verb classes that are incompatible with the progressive | State verbs of ‘having’ and ‘being’ Verbs of inert cognition Verbs of inert perception Verbs of attitude (volition&feeling) |
| State verbs of ‘having’ and ‘being’ | State verbs of ‘having’ and ‘being’ e.g. be, belong to, contain, become, etc. → EXCEPT being/acting in a particular way AT THE MOMENT |
| Verbs of inert cognition | Verbs of inert cognition e.g. believe, know, suppose, etc. → EXCEPT you think that thinking is a kind of work – temporary assumption |
| Verbs of inert perception | Verbs of inert perception e.g. feel, hear, smell, etc. → EXCEPT if you change the meaning to a non-permanent action, activity → Beginning + end e.g. I was smelling the perfume, to see if I liked it. |
| Verbs of attitude (volition&feeling) | Verbs of attitude (volition&feeling) e.g. hate, love, prefer, wish, etc. → EXCEPT if you use it to describe the moment e.g. I’m loving it NOW. |
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