818270
Description
Flashcards by Anna Hollywood, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Anna Hollywood
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Biosphere | The living part of the earth (plants and animals) |
| Ecosystem | A community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environment |
| Biome | A plant and animal community covering a large area of the Earth's surface i.e. tropical rainforest |
| 4 characteristics of a deciduous forest | High altitudes, high rainfall, weak sun rays, cool winter temperatures (makes leaves fall off leaves - autumn) |
| 4 characteristics of tundra | Found at arctic circle, weak sun rays, temperatures below freezing, adapted plants and animals |
| 3 characteristics of a coniferous forest | Conifer trees (needle leaves), 60' North, freezing temperatures |
| 5 characteristics of a desert | Northern hemisphere-close to tropic of cancer, sourthern hemispher-close to tropic of capricorn, adapted plants and animals, dry air, concentrated sun rays |
| 4 characteristics of a tropical forest | Heavy rainfall (=evergreen), moist rising air, concentrated sun rays, either side of equator |
| Local factors that affect world distribution of biomes | Relief/Aspect, altitude, geology/drainage |
| Global factors that affect world distribution of biomes | Continentality, latitude, precipitation, temperature |
| How does continentality link to precipitation? | More coastal=more evaporation |
| How does continentality link to temperature? | Temperature hotter and more constant near coast |
| How does precipitation link to temperature? | hotter temperature=more evaporation |
| How does precipitation link to latitude? | Closer to equator=hotter=more evaporation |
| How does precipitation link to geology? | Less drainage=more evaporation |
| How does temperature link to latitude? | Closer to equator=hotter |
| How does temperature link to relief? | Higher temperatures in areas facing the sun |
| How does temperature link to altitude? | Higher up=colder |
| How does altitude link to relief? | Higher altitude=more raised/hilly relief |
| How does altitude link to precipitation? | Higher altitude=colder=less evaporation |
| Altitude | Higher=colder, 100m=-1'C |
| Temperature | Regulated by altitude, latitude and continentality |
| Precipitation | High air pressure=less rainfall (water finds it harder to evaporate) |
| Relief | Sun facing slopes=hotter |
| Geology | Permeable rocks=dry land, bad drainage=reduce growth |
| Latitude | Concentrated sun on equator |
| Continentality | Land heats and cools quickly, water heats and cools slowly |
| 8 goods of rainforest | 80% of all western foods, illegal drugs, saleable commodities (timber), 25% cancer fighting drugs, drugs for diabetics, contraceptive pill, Rosie Periwinkle (increases childhood leukaemia sufferers survival chance fro9m 10-90%), marmosets for drug testing (before humans) |
| 8 services from rainforest | Indigineous people live in rainforests (can teach us), treks and holidays, 50% world's biodiversity, endangered animals habitats (bonobos), unique biome, regulate hydrological cycle, soil nutrients, carbon store |
| How does the biosphere regulate atmosphere? | Plants absorb CO2 and produce O2 |
| How does the biosphere regulate atmosphere? | Plants absorb CO2 and produce O2 |
| How does the biosphere regulate water cycle? | Trees and other plants-interception=reduced flooding |
| How does the biosphere regulate soil health? | Dead leaves and plants=nutrients for soil, animals aerate soil |
| What would happen to the soil without canopy? | Soil would be washed away |
| Amazon is like the...? | Lungs of the earth |
| Knock on effect of soil erosion | Atmosphere not regulated=co2 rise=global warming=sea ice melting faster=more flooding |
| Why does it matter that the rainforest is being destroyed? 4 reasons | Loss of habitat, knowledge, species (271 extinct in 500 years), rarity |
| How much of the world's oxygen does the Amazon supply? | 20% |
| What are the 5 main direct threats to the rainforest? | Timber, agriculture, mining, the soya craze and population change |
| Timbers effect on the rainforest | U.K trying to restrict import rates...teak and mahogany still in high demand...deforestation affects rates of flooding, soil erosion and humus formation...loss of habitat |
| Agricultures effect on the rainforest | Crops need to be grown=deforestation...for food and income...destroys ecosystems and encourages wildfires |
| Minings effect on the rainforest | Mining plants in Amazon...new roads...destroying rainforest...damage to surface...restoration normally unsuccessful |
| The soya crazes effect on the rainforest | 2005=almost 50% forest clearings were for soya beans...2003 new governor rose Brazil's deforestation rates by 40%...food for cattle...more cows needed for meat rich diets |
| Population changes effect on the rainforest | 72 - 200 million in 50 years...more housing and farming...20 million migrated to settlements near Amazon...more deforestation |
| What is the main indirect threat to the environment? | Climate change |
| Climate changes effect on the rainforest | 2005 and 2010 2 major droughts...rainforest actually emitted CO2...could eventually end up speeding up global warming if happens more often |
| Define conservation | The wise and sustainable use of natural resources-planned action or non-action to preserve or protect living and non-living resources |
| Name a conservation company on a global scale, a national scale and a local scale | Global - RAMSAR (1971) National - National Parks Local - Costa Rica |
| What is RAMSAR? | It involves 163 countries and conserves the convention of Wetlands of International importance |
| What are the aims of RAMSAR? | To protect 196 million hectares of wetland habitat at over 2000 sites worldwide |
| How is RAMSAR planning to meet its aims? | Identifying important wetlands and managing them...making sure fishing and tourism are sustainable...co-operate with country shared wetlands...areas in UK protected by law-extra protection from damage and development |
| Are there any issues with RAMSAR? | No major issues but hard keeping track of everything to make sure there are no unsustainable activities happening |
| Is RAMSAR successful? | Yes because they have 163 countries on side and have used the law to enforce this |
| What is a National Park? | An area that has been agreed to be protected |
| What are the two main aims of National Parks? | -To conserve and promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of National Parks -To create a balance between locals, visitors and conservation |
| How are National Parks planning to meet these aims? | Having planning authorities to protect the environment from the pressures of tourism such as camp sites, buildings and roads |
| What are the 6 main issues with National Parks? | Congestion (over 200 mill visitors a year) especially in summer...footpath erosion (survey in 1999 said repair cost=£5mill)...overcrowded...local shops accustomed to visitors and not locals...1/6 houses of holiday houses (empty in winter and lack of community)...employment is seasonal |
| Are National Parks successful? | Yes because trying to tackle all issues like improving drainage for paths, resting paths, zoning and having stricter planning permission for tourism related buildings |
| What are most rainforests now? | National Parks |
| How does the local scheme in Costa Rica work? | Turning forests into small tourist attractions (only small return), trying to farm sustainably (growing crops among trees for food and income), using fallen trees instead of cutting down (wood used for holiday lodges=money) |
| 2 social outcomes of sustainable management | People become educated about dangers and improves local facilities benefitting whole community (health clinics, training) |
| 2 economic outcomes of sustainable management | Reducing poverty (income from eco-tourism)...provides jobs |
| 2 environmental outcomes of sustainable management | Can protect natural environment from degradation (replanting)...50% of Kilum-Ijim forest was deforested 1958-1988, but the forest has grown by 8% since project |
| 3 social problems with sustainable management | Population growing, pressure to deforest...urban areas and roads could enroach on the area...people have come to rely on help that could stop-arguments |
| 2 economic problems with sustainable management | Relies on funding which could stop...prevents people making money from forest |
| 2 environmental problems with sustainable management | Climate change could degrade forest itself...urban areas could enroach on forest |
| What are all of these advantages and disadvantages of? | The Kilum-Ijim forest in Cameroon, Africa |
| What are the key concepts of the Kilum-Ijim project? | Stop forest from being under pressure from farming and logging for timber and fuel/conservation |
| What are the aims of the Kilum-Ijim project? | Create a sustainable forest reserve in the area...save from human impacts |
| What has the Kilum-Ijim project done? (4 things) | Marked out reserve area making lists of resources...developed rules to conserve...set up a unit to manage and monitor the forest...educated communities about replanting, safe hunting and logging |
| Define a good | Products and items sourced from the biome for survival or commercial use |
| Define a service | Measures the biome takes to serve the planet |
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