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Flashcards by Chantal Delaquis, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Chantal Delaquis
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Health Psychology | the study of how behaviours, thought and emotions influence physical health and how health can influence those factors as well |
| I. Body Mass Index II. Set point | I. statistic commonly used for estimating a healthy body weight given an individual's height II. a hypothesized mechanism that serves to maintain body weight around a physiologically programmed level; 10-20% of one's weight |
| social contagion | often subtle, unintentional spreading of behaviour as a result of social interactions; friend groups can become more similar over time in terms of body weight, smoking etc |
| Appraisal: I. primary appraisal II. secondary appraisal | cognitive act of assessing and evaluating the potential threat and demands of an event I. individual perceives potential threat II. determine how to cope with the threat |
| General adaptation syndrome | a theory of stress responses involving stages of alarm (recognition of threat with physiological response), resistance (responding to the stressor), and exhaustion (stressful events depletes physical resources and response declines) |
| Holmes and Rahe's social readjustment scale | provides a numerical stress value to each type of common stressful event that a person might experience |
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis | neural and endocrine circuit that provides communication between the nervous system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary and adrenal glands) |
| Cortisol | I. hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that prepares the body to respond to a stressful event |
| Oxytocin | important for generating feelings of trust, closeness and attachment toward others; women more likely than men to secrete it during a stressful event |
| Vasopressin | hormone that suppresses the release of arousal related hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | the study of the relationship between immune system and nervous system functioning |
| Coronary heart disease | condition in which plaques form in the blood vessels that supply the heart with blood and oxygen; can increase in men by 30% with stress |
| Type A personality | describes people who tend to be impatient and worry about time, and are easily angered, competitive, and highly motivated |
| Type B personality | described people who are more laid back and characterized by a patient, easygoing and relaxed disposition |
| Coping | refers to the processes used to manage demands, stress, and conflict; both problem focused and emotion focused |
| Positive Psychology | uses scientific methods to study human strength and potential; has identified numerous adaptive and constructive ways in which people cope with problems; focus on positive emotions |
| Explain how the following types of personality cope: | Next |
| Neuroticism | tendency to respond to problems with patterns of anxiety, hostility, anger, guilt, and nervousness; linked to physical complaints such as headaches, chronic pain, stomach aches, and coronary heart disease |
| Extraversion | extraverts are more likely to seek out help rather than trying to solve a problem on their own and are more likely to listen to the advice of others |
| Agreeableness | willing to seek help, may help avoid additional interpersonal stress |
| Conscientiousness | less likely to show their emotions, referred to as distancing; distancing from one's own emotions |
| Openness | tend to respond with empathy when stressful situations involve others, less likely to use emotional distancing |
| Resilience | the ability to effectively recover from illness or adversity |
| Post-traumatic growth | the capacity to grow and experience long-term positive effects in response to negative effects |
| Biofeedback | is a therapeutic technique involving the use of physiological recording instruments to provide feedback that increases awareness of bodily responses |
| What are the two types of meditation? | Concentrative or focused-attention meditation Mindfulness or open monitoring (OA) |
| Mindfulness-based stress reduction: s | structured relaxation program based on elements of mindfulness meditation; helps people to cope and relax by increasing the link between body and mind |
| Brain-derived neurotrophic factor | a protein in the nervous system that promotes survival, growth, and the formation of new synapses |
| Learned helplessness | an acquired suppression of avoidance or escape behaviour in response to unpleasant, uncontrollable circumstances |
| Asylum | residential facilities for the mentally ill |
| Moral treatment movement | Pinel and Dix; shamed society into ensuring that residents in mental institutions were treated humanely and compassionately |
| Medical model | sees psychological conditions as a set of symptoms, causes and outcomes, with treatments aimed at changing physiological processes in order to alleviate symptoms |
| Biophysical model | provides a more holistic view of a person, as a set of multiple interacting systems |
| Deinstitutionalization | over 30 years, the population of population of mental institutions dropped by 80% contributing to a dramatic increase in urban homelessness |
| Maladaptive | a person's behaviours, feelings, and thoughts causing those around them significant distress or impair daily functioning or increase the likelihood that the person or those around them will experience harm or injury |
| DSM-5 | describes number and type of symptoms for each mental disorder as well as the typical ethology (cause) of each disorder and provides prognoses |
| Mental disorder defence | claims that the defendant was in such an extreme, abnormal state of mind when committing the crime that he or she should not discern that the actions were legally or morally wrong |
| Personality disorders | particularly unusual patterns of behaviour that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself or others, and resistant to change |
| Cluster A personality types | characterized by odd or eccentric behaviours, including Paranoid and Schizoid Personality Disorders |
| Cluster B personality type | characterized by dramatic, emotional and erratic behaviour, including Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders |
| Cluster C personality type | Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive Compulsive personality disorders |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | characterized by intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, and unstable sense of self, impulsivity, and difficult social relationships; emotionally manipulative and controlling -rooted in traumatic or emotionally difficult experiences such as inconsistent, abusive or neglectful parenting |
| Narcissistic Personality | characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance and an excessive need for attention and admiration, as well as intense self-doubt and fear of abandonment; little empathy for others, tend to be manipulative, strong sense of entitlement |
| Histrionic Personality | characterized by excessive attention seeking and dramatic behaviour; typically high-functioning because their dramatic nature makes them seem vibrant and attractive in social situations; self-indulgent and risky behaviours; highly sensitive to criticism and manipulative; flamboyant and exhibitionist tendencies |
| Psychological factors in personality disorders | persistent beliefs about the self are a major part of the human personality and attempt to cope with and compensate for negative beliefs; NPD and HPD tend to have deeply rooted negative beliefs about the self, how they are regarded, and whether they are loved by others |
| Sociological factors to personality disorders | often involve extensive emotional damage from childhood experiences, ranging from physical and sexual abuse, to the profound invalidation and security of being abandoned or neglected as a child |
| Biological factors | not everyone exposed to extreme stress develops a personality disorder; how stress interacts with biological predispositions for disorders, some genes can contribute to emotional instability |
| Comorbidity | the presence of two disorders simultaneously |
| Dissociative disorders | a category of mental disorders characterized by a split between conscious awareness from feeling, cognition, memory, and identity |
| Dissociative fugue | a period of profound autobiographical memory loss; people in fugue states may go so far as to develop a new identity in a new location with no recollection of their past |
| Depersonalization disorder | a strong sense of the surreal, the feeling that one is not connected to one's body, the feeling of disconnection from one's regular identity and awareness |
| Dissociative amnesia | a severe loss of memory, usually for a specific stressful event, when no biological cause for amnesia is present |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder / Multiple Personality Disorder | in which a person experiences a split in identity such that they feel different aspects of themselves as though they were separated from each other; can construct completely separate personalities |
| Anxiety disorders | a category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive; fear response out of proportion to the true threat posed by the source of the fear |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | react with intense fear to normal daily stressors or life challenges; often have unstable, irritable moods, have difficulty concentrating and have sleep problems |
| Panic Disorder | state of anxiety that is not constant that occurs in extreme, unpredictable bursts of fear and dread called panic attacks; short segments but can be much more severe |
| Agoraphobia | fear of panic attacks in public, avoid public spaces |
| Social phobias | chronic concerns over being judged negatively by others and a constant fear of being publicly humiliated; extreme discomfort in crowds and when individual feels it will be difficult to escape social situations |
| Exposure | a person is repeatedly and in stages exposed to the object of his fear so that he can work past his emotional reactions |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | combination of irrational persistent thoughts or obsessions; fear responses that are out of proportion to the true threat; irresistible urge to engage in repetitive behaviours or compulsions |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder | range of disorders consisting of autism, Asperger's and other pervasive neurodevelopment disorders |
| Mood disorders | relate to severe disruptions in a person's emotional state, typically resulting in maladaptive behaviours thought patterns |
| Major depression | lengthy chronic period of deep sadness, perception that they are incompetent and worthless, and the belief that nothing will ever improve, feelings of cognitive and physical sluggishness; physical systems include fatigue, digestive problems, sleeping troubles, headaches and joint pain, confusion, memory problems, irritability |
| Pessimistic explanatory style | a set of habitual ways of explaining events to oneself which tend to be dysfunctional; personal attributions, internal, stable attribution, belief that the situation is going to persist, and global attribution, expanding event into other domains of life |
| Bipolar disorder | characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation and energy; involves depression at one end and mania on the other; mania can take several forms, including talking excessively fast, racing thoughts, impulsive, and spontaneous decisions or high risk behaviours |
| Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder | severe psychological disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, abnormalities in mood and behaviour; disruption in the association between a person's thoughts and perceptions of reality |
| What are the three phases of schizophrenia? | Prodromal phase: cognitive deficits, more socially isolated, more occupied with their disturbing thoughts Active phase: develop strange delusion that are not consistent with reality, delusional thoughts, hallucinations Residual phase: most prominent symptoms decline, very suppressed willingness to engage in activities or social contact |
| Hallucinations | alterations of perception, such that a person hears, sees, smells, feels, or tastes something that does not actually exist except for in that person's own mind |
| Delusions | beliefs that are not based entirely in reality, at least from the perspective for the person's general culture |
| Disorganized behaviour | describes the considerable difficulty people with schizophrenia may have completing the tasks of everyday life |
| Paranoid schizophrenia | symptoms include delusional beliefs that one is being followed, watched, or persecuted and may also include delusions of grandeur, or that they have secret insight or power |
| Disorganized schizophrenia | symptoms include thoughts, speech, behaviours and emotions that are poorly integrated and incoherent; may also show inappropriate, unpredictable mannerisms |
| Catatonic schizophrenia | includes episodes in which a person remains mute and immobile, sometimes in bizarre positions for extended periods, may also exhibit repetitive, purposeless movements |
| Undifferentiated schizophrenia | includes individuals who show a combination of symptoms from more than one type of schizophrenia |
| Residual schizophrenia | reflects individuals who show some symptoms of schizophrenia but are either in transition to a full-blown episode or in remission |
| Positive Symptoms | result in the individual's engaging in maladaptive behaviours, hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking |
| Negative Symptoms | absence of adaptive behaviours, flat affect (lack of facial response/expression), social isolation and lack of motivation |
| Trepanning | drilling a hole in a person's skull to release evil spirits |
| Exorcism | thought to get rid of 'evil spirits' but amounted to ritualized torture |
| Clinical psychologists | ph.D level training; able to formally diagnose and treat mental health issues ranging from everyday and mild to chronic and severe |
| Counsellors | Master's or PhD; mental health professionals who typically work with people needing help with more common problems such as stress, coping, and imld forms of anxiety and depression, rather than severe mental disorders |
| Psychiatrists | Medical degree; specialize in mental health and are allowed to diagnose and treat mental disorders through prescribing medication |
| Therapist | is a label that anyone can use, regardless of level of expertise or skills in treating psychological problems |
| Deinstitutionalization | whereby mental health patients were released back into their communities, generally after having their symptoms alleviated through medications |
| Residential treatment centres | housing facilities in which residents receive psychological therapy and life skills training, with the explicit oil of helping residents become re-integrated intersociety as well as they can |
| Community psychology | area of psychology that focuses on identifying how individual's mental health is influenced by the neighbourhood, economics, and community resources, social groups and other community based variables |
| Emotionally supported treatments | treatments that have been tested and evaluated |
| Insight therapy | general term referring to therapy that involves dialogue between client and therapist for the purpose of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflicts |
| Psychodynamic therapies | seeking unconscious causes of psychological problems with the assumption that awareness of the cause will provide the cure |
| Defense mechanisms | unconscious conflicts between the Id and the superego that can generate irrational thinking and behaviours |
| Free association | clients talk about or write down their thoughts without any constraint or censorship |
| Dream analysis | seeking to understand the nature of unconscious conflicts based on the contents of a client's dreams |
| Manifest content of dreams | symbolic way our conscious minds experience our dreams |
| latent content of dreams | is the deeper meaning of those symbols or events |
| Resistance | aggressive behaviour and strong emotional reactions that provide clues of an unconscious conflict that the client's conscious mind is reluctant to confront |
| Transference | psychoanalytic process whereby clients direct the emotional experiences that they are reliving toward the therapist rather than the original person involved in the experience |
| Object-relations therapy | relying on a client's conscious self-reflection and what they remember about their past to understand the source of their mental health problems; focus on early-childhood experiences and emotional attachments influencing later psychology |
| Interpersonal psychology | Harry Sullivan; therapist assumes the role of the participant observer, interacting and observing the client to understand any unrealistic expectations the client may have in relationships |
| Humanistic-existential psychotherapy | people will naturally pursue self-fulfillment if they receive enough support, acceptance and encouragement; therapist plays a supportive role; focus on conscious experience |
| Conditions of worth | expectations imposed by other people and ourselves that lead us away from reaching our fullest potential |
| Unconditional positive regard | the therapist accepts non judgementally and supportively all the views that their clients express |
| Existentialist psychotherapy | confront sources of sadness, discomfort or fear |
| phenomenological approach | focus on current, ongoing conscious thoughts, perceptions, and feelings instead of unconscious conflicts and long ago experiences |
| Client-centred therapy | developed by Carl Rogers; focuses on individual's abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with the encouragement of the therapist |
| Behavioural therapy | address problem behaviours and the environmental factors that trigger them, as directly as possible |
| Systematic desensitization | eliminating phobias by combining gradual exposure of the phobia with relaxation techniques |
| Flooding | eliminating phobias through extreme exposure |
| Virtual Reality Exposure | reducing fear through safe exposure VR technology |
| Aversive conditioning | a behavioural technique that involves replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative one, typically by using punishment |
| Cognitive behavioural therapy | form of therapy that consists of procedures such as cognitive structuring, stress inoculation training, and exposing people to experiences they may have a tendency to avoid; avoidance tends to reinforce negative feelings that could arise |
| Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy | involves combining mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive behavioural therapy tools; goal to develop greater self awareness through non judgmental self-reflection |
| Systems approach | an orientation that encourages therapists to see an individual's symptoms as being influenced by many different interacting systems such as the family system |
| Cognitive restructuring | shows a person how to recognize their irrational thoughts |
| Stress inoculation | helps to reduce severe emotional reactions experienced under stress |
| Psychopharmacotherapy | the use of drugs to attempt to manage or reduce client's symptoms; often used in conjunction with some form of therapy |
| Psychotropic drugs | medications designed to alter psychological functioning; cross the blood brain barrier |
| Antidepressant drugs | medications designed to elevate mood and reduce other symptoms of depression |
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors | the first type of antidepressant used; work by deactivating monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine |
| Tricyclic antidepressant | one of the earliest types of antidepressants on the market; appear to block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | a class of antidepressant that block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil |
| Mood stabilizers | are drugs that are used to prevent or reduce severity of mood disorders experienced by people with bipolar disorder Ex: Lithium |
| Anti anxiety drugs | prescribed to alleviate nervousness and tension and to reduce panic attacks |
| Antipsychotic drugs | are generally used treat symptoms of psychosis, including delusions, hallucinations, and severely disturbed or disorganized thought |
| Tardive dyskinesia | a severe and often permanent side effect of antipsychotic drugs; a movement disorder involving involuntary movements and facial tics |
| Atypical antipsychotics | makers of typical antipsychotics claim that these drugs are less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects including movement disorders |
| Frontal Lobotomy | surgically removing regions of the cortex in the hope of curing psychological problems |
| Leucotomy | surgical destruction of brain tissues in the prefrontal cortex; involves drilling small hole into the skull and typically inserting a small wire loop into the hole and into the brain matter |
| Focal lesions | small areas of brain tissue that are surgically destroyed |
| Electroconvulsive therapy | involves passing an electrical current through the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation | therapeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful magnetic field; does not involve anesthesia nor does it induce seizures |
| Deep brain stimulation | a technique that involves electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain; inserting thin electrode-tipped wires into brain and carefully directing them to targeted brain regions |
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