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Created by tanitia.dooley
over 11 years ago
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Question | Answer |
What is the age of onset of schizophrenia in men and women? | men: 23-28 women 28-32 |
What are negative symptoms? Give examples | lacking compared to normal eg loss of empathy, inappropriate or blunted mood, repetitive activity, apathy, attentional impairment |
What are positive symptoms? Give example | In addition to normal behavior. e.g. hallucinations, delusions |
what are the 3 classes of typical antipsychotics? | phenothiazines, thioxanthenes and butyrophenones |
What are the extra-pyramidal side effects? | tardive dyskinesias (large involuntary moevments associated with prolonged treatment) and acute dystonias (involuntary movement eg tremor) |
What are the atypical antipsychotics? | dibenzodiazepines eg clozapine |
What receptor block do extra-pyramidal side effects tend to arise from? | D1 subtype block |
What is the mechanism of action for most antipsychotics? | antagonists at D2 subtype |
What are the neuronal defects found in patients with schizophrenia? | larger ventricles, smaller cortices |
What is the dopamine theory for psychosis? | Compounds that increase dopaminergic signalling eg amphetamines can induce psychosis |
What is the glutamate theory of psychosis? | Dysfunction in glutaminergic neurotransmission can cause schizophrenia |
What is the effect of nicotine on nicotinic aCh receptors? | It desensitises them and increases their surface expression |
What is the role of naltrexone? | It inhibits ethanol consumption and craving in alcoholism |
What are the effects of alcohol on GABA A, NMDA, 5HT3 and L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels? | GABA A & 5HT3=potentiation, inhibit NMDA and L-type voltage gated Ca2+ |
How do psychostimulants work? Give two examples.What transmitter is their euphoria related to? | They potentiate monoamine transmission by inhibiting the reuptake of 5HT, NA and DA. Eg cocaine and amphetamine. Related to DA effects |
How do hallucinogens have an effect? Name two | They are partial agonists at 5HT2A receptors. LSD & mescaline |
What is the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis? | tetrahydrocannabinol- agonist at CB1 cannabinoid GPCR |
What is drug tolerance? | need for significantly increased dose to achieve the same effect or the reduction in effect with a constant dose |
What is drug addiction? | individual engages in compulsive behaviour |
What is drug dependence? | An organism only functions properly in the presence of a drug |
What is drug abuse? | self administration of drugs beyond the approved cultural norms |
What is the mechanism of action for caffiene? | Competitive antagonists at adenosine A1 & A2A |
How is caffeine supposed to protect against parkinsons disease? | It is believed to protect dopaminergic neurons from degeneration |
name the 10 symptoms of depression | - significant weight change (5% in a month) -sleep disturbance -fatigue/loss of energy -depressed/irratable mood -reduced interest in pleasurable activities -psychomotor agitation -loss of self worth -excessive guilt -diminished ability to think -suicidal thoughts |
What are the additional symptoms of mania? | delusions and hallucinations |
What is the mechanism of action for monamine oxidase inhibitiors? | block breakdown of 5-HT and NA in the synapse so there are increased levels avaliable to bind to the receptor |
What is the mechanism of action for Tricyclic antidepressants? Give an example? | They block the reuptake of 5-HT and NA from the synapse. Dibenzazepines eg desipramine |
What is the mechanism of action for SSRI's? Give an example | They selectively inhibit the reuptake of 5-HT from the synapse. Fluoxetine |
What is the mechanism of action of Buproprion? | Inhibits the reuptake of DA |
What drug class cause the cheese reaction as a side effect? | monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
What is the side effect caused by st johns wort? | Induces metabolism of other drugs |
What are the side effects of MAOIs? | cheese reaction, atropine like (dry mouth), postural hypotension, tremor |
What are the side effects of Tricyclic antidepressants? | postural hypotension, atropine-like, sedative, dysrhythmias |
What is the role of astrocytes? | Maintain nutrition and regulate ionic concs-also play a role in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism |
What is the role of oligodendrocytes? | Produce myelin that insulates nerve cell membranes |
What is the role of microglia? | Act like macrophages scavenging unwanted materials from the brain. Proliferation in disease states |
Ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channel) examples | nicotinic Ach, NMDA glutamate, 5-HT3 & GABA A |
What is the role of Amphetamine? | promotes release of DA from vesicles |
Does serotonin increase or decrease anxiety? | increases |
What is the difference between sedatives and hypnotics? | sedatives reduce alertness and can produce sleep, hypnotics induce the natural sleep process |
Name the 3 current anxiolytic drug classes used? | Benzodiazepines, azapirones, bartiturates |
What is the mechanism of action for benzodiazepines? | Binds GABA A receptors elsewhere on the receptor to where GABA binds= increases GABA signalling. |
What are the effects of benzodiazepines? | sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics & anticonvulsant |
What is the mechanism of action for azapirones? | They are agonists/partial agonists 5-HT 1A presynaptic receptors inhibiting serotonin signalling by inhibiting adenylate cyclase |
What is the effect of azapirones? | just anxiolytic |
What is the mechanism of action for barbiturates? | Binds GABA A receptors=increased signalling |
What are the effects of barbiturates? | aanxiolytic and sedative |
How long do azapirones take to have an effect? | 1-3 weeks |
Why is the response inhibtory when GABA binds to its GABA A receptor? | The receptor is permeable to Cl- ions and therefore causes hyper polarisation |
What is the average age of onset for major unipolar depression? What is it for bipolar? | 35-45/ ~30 for bipolar |
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