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Description
Flashcards by Natalia Cliff, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natalia Cliff
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Exponential growth | a pattern where the growth rate constantly increases - often shown as a J-curve graph |
| S-curve graphs and J-curve graphs | J-curve graph is a graph that looks like a J due to exponential growth S-curve graph is a graph that looks like a S due to Zero growth or even natural decrease following exponential growth |
| Zero Growth | a population in balance. Birth rate is equal to death rate so there is no overall growth or decrease |
| Natural decrease | the death rate is greater than the birth rate so the population decreases |
| Natural increase | The birth rte is greater than the death rate so the population increases |
| Birth rate | The number of babies born per thousand people per year |
| Death rate | The number of people that die per thousand people per year |
| Life expectancy | Th number of years a person is expected to live, usually taken from birth |
| Are death rates higher in MEDCs or LEDCs? Why? | MEDCs Because LEDCs have so many people under 15 that this reduces the amount of deaths per thousand people. MEDCs have a lot of older people |
| Demographic transition model (diagram) |
Image:
Demographic (image/jpeg)
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| Characteristics of Stage one | -High birth rate -High death rate -Death rate and Birth rate fluctuate due to disease, famine and war -Population fairly stable |
| Why (stage 1) | -little or no medicine -Low life expectancy -No birth control |
| Characteristics of Stage two | -Death rate decreases -Birth rate remains high -Population grows |
| Why (stage 2) | -Improvements in medicine and hygiene -Life expectancy increases -Children still needed to farm the land so birth rates remain high |
| Characteristics of Stage three | -Birth rate drops rapidly -Death rate continues to decrease but more slowly -Population still grows but not as fast |
| Why (stage 3) | -Birth control available -Children go to school, don't earn but cost money -People chose to have smaller families |
| Characteristics of Stage four | -Low birth rate -Low death rate -Birth rate tends to fluctuate based on the economic situation |
| Why (stage 4) | -When economy is good people think they can afford children -During unemployment and low wages people postpone children - |
| Characteristics of Stage five | -Very low birth rate that drops below death rate -Death rate increased slightly due to ageing population -Total population starts to decrease |
| Why (stage 5) | -Economic uncertainty dissuades people from having children -Or women opt for careers rather than motherhood |
| Ecuadorian tribes | STAGE ONE -Isolated from the rest of the world -High birth rate and high death rate |
| Afghanistan | STAGE TWO -Extremely poor with political instability -High birth rate of 37.8 -Low death rate of 17.4 -Natural increase of 2.04% per year -79% farmers so children help with farming -Cities like Kabul have even higher natural increase as medicine is more readily available |
| Brazil | STAGE THREE -NIC (newly industrialising country) -Rapid economic development -population rise from 108 million in 1975 to 210 million in 2015 -Roman Catholic country so high birth rate -Improving standard of living means people starting to want fewer children |
| USA | STAGE FOUR -Largest and most developed country -313 million people (third largest population) -Growth high for stage 4, mainly due to immigration -Most immigration from Catholic central america, but now encouraging skilled Asian workforce who have lower birth rates |
| Germany | STAGE FIVE -Almost as well developed as USA -Ageing population -Women have high-powered positions at work -Birth rate far below replacement rate |
| Agricultural change | -Technology improves yield and saves on labour -Frees workers for industry so rapid economical development -Industry requires workers so people briefly larger families so population growth increases -But then technology reduces need for labour and increases standard of living so population growth decreases |
| Urbanisation | -People migrate to urban areas partially to seek better education for children -So child labour of less value -Children become expensive so smaller families |
| Education | -Children become expensive -Parents chose to have fewer children so they can invest more in each one, giving them better future chances -Increased education tends to bring increased birth control |
| Emancipation and Status of women | -As economies develop girls also have more opportunities -Larger workforce required so women also work -Prejudice against women decreasing -Sweden has changed laws to increase proportion of women in management -Achieving highly in a career needs commitment -Women chose to have no children, or to have children later -One in five women in the UK are childless, compared to 1 in 10 in the previous generation |
| Draw and label a population pyramid | |
| Three sections of a Population Pyramid | -Young dependants -Workforce -Elderly dependants |
| Population Pyramid stage one | -Very wide base due to high birth rate -High infant and child mortality means that sides curve quickly -High death rate means narrow and shortest pyramid |
| Population Pyramid stage two | -Similar to stage one -Death rate decreases so sides are straighter and less concave -More elderly people shows that life expectancy is rising |
| Population Pyramid stage three | -Straighter sides as more people live into old age due to improved health -Birth rate decreases quickly so sides at the very bottom flatten out |
| Population Pyramid stage four | -Straight sides due to high life expectancy and steady, low birth rates -Looks like a house |
| Population Pyramid stage five | -Increasing proportion of population are elderly -Workforce much larger than young dependants due to falling birth rates |
| All 5 Population Pyramids diagrams | |
| China one child policy Reasons | -1970s realised the country was heading for a severe famine -1959-1961 large famine already due to industrialisation at the expense of farming, 35 million died -Following baby boom meant population wasn't growing sustainably |
| Sustainable population | -A population where the growth and development doesn't threaten success of future generations -Stage 4 is the most sustainable -Economy is stable or improving -Standard of living maintained or improves |
| China one child policy policy rules | -1979 -Mustn't marry until late twenties -Only allowed one successful pregnancy -Sterilised after first child or abort future pregnancies -5 to 10% salary rise for having only one child -Priority housing, pension and family benefits -Free education for the single child |
| China one child policy Policy punishments | -10% salary cut -Large fine (would bankrupt most households) -Had to pay for health care and schooling -Second children born abroad weren't penalised but weren't allowed to become Chinese citizens |
| China one child policy Exemptions and enforcing | -Minority groups were exempt -Rural areas were sons were needed for farms allowed a second child if the first was a girl -Pressure to abort second child extended to cutting coworkers salaries so they'd make life unbearable -Granny police (older women) checked up on younger woman, sometimes even escorting them to contraception appointments |
| China one child policy Issues | -Women forced to abort as late as ninth month of pregnancy -Women placed under tremendous pressure from friends, granny police and their conscience -Government had control over people's private lives -Some girls put into orphanages or left to die (female infanticide) -Chinese children called "little emperors" as they have a reputation for being spoiled -Sex selective abortions mean that China now has 60 million more young men than women -Less time taking care of children means that women focus on careers |
| China one child policy Benefits | -Predicted famine never occurred -Population growth slowed enough for people to have food and jobs -Estimated 400 m less people born -However, 2008 still 1 million more births than deaths every 5 weeks and half the population still lives on under $2 a day -New industries have lifted millions out of poverty |
| Chine one child policy Changes | -Changes were made in the 1990s and 2000s -Young couples who are both only children are allowed two children -As people become wealthier some are choosing to simply pay the fine -Couples no longer need permission for first child -Sex-selective abortions banned -2008 after an earthquake that killed lots of children the policy was relaxed in the Sichuan Province |
| Indonesia Transmigration Population Problem | -group of 17 500 islands -Population of 240 million (4th largest) -Population growth just over 1% a year -Birth rate 18.1 and death rate 6.3 -1950s and 1960s population growing rapidly and Islands of Java, Bali and Madura in danger of over-population |
| Indonesian Transmigration What happened | -Encouraged people to move from densely populated islands like Java to sparsely populated areas like Irian Jaya -Gave people a chance to go from urban slums to being landowners -1979-1984 moved 2.5 million people, 1 million to Irian Jaya alone -Scaled down after 1980s -2006 20 000 families moved -2010 250 000 families wanted to move, but only 10 000 moved (cost $US 160.5 million) -After eruption of Mount Merapi moved 2 000 displaced families -Offered free transportation, 2 hectares of land and 6 months living costs -Moved 20 million people overall |
| Indonesian Transmigration Economic issues | -Some critics say that it only redistributes poverty rather than dealing with it -New migrant lack necessary skills to use the land and some abandon it to become refugees -Settlements often poorly planned, with few shops, sanitation and electricity -Resettlement highly expensive, costing $US 7000 per family in 1980s |
| Indonesian Transmigration Environmental issues | -Transmigration blamed for accelerating deforestation in previously sparsely populated areas -Poor land use practises have led to soil erosion |
| Indonesian Transmigration Social issues | -Clashes between migrants and local people killed hundreds in 2001 when local Dayaks and transmigrant Mandurese clashed -Traditional land rights often ignored -Religious clashes between Islamist migrants and Christian locals |
| Indonesian Transmigration Political issues | -Some critics think it was encouraged by the government primarily to control indigenous people in the outer islands |
| Indonesian Transmigration Benefits | -Although population increased in Jakarta, situation would probably have been worse without transmigration |
| Issues with an ageing population | -Health care -Social services -Pension crisis |
| Health Care | -Demand for health care increases as there are more illnesses in old age -Elderly visit their GP more often -Are in hospital more often and for longer than younger people -Government needs to pay for this |
| Social Services | Elderly people need other social services such as: -Nursing homes -Day-care centres -People to help them care for themselves in their homes This puts financial pressure on a country |
| Pension crisis | -In wealthy countries people expect to retire from work and have a pension for the rest of their lives -As there are more elderly people and a smaller work force paying taxes, the government have a money issue -State pensions in the UK started in 1908 when people retired aged 65 and average male life expectancy was 67 -Now life expectancy is 80 |
| Opportunities of an ageing population | -Young retired people contribute to the economy through travel and recreation -Many do volunteer work |
| Frances pro-natal policy Why was it needed? | -France had a birth rate of 12.3 in 2011 -Natural increase was low -2008 1.6 babies born per woman in the EU, but 2.1 is needed for a sustainable population |
| France pro-natal policy The policy | -3 years paid parental leave that fathers or mothers can take -Benefits for large families e.g. the Carte Famille Nombreuse which gives discounts for families with 3 or more children (such as reducing train fares by up to 75%) -Subsidised pay for nursery for children under the age of 3. -Fully paid full-time schooling for children over age 3. -The more children a woman has, the earlier she can retire. |
| Dependency ratio | A comparison of the number of dependants in the population (1-15 and 65+) and the workforce |
| Reasons for international migration | A variety of push and pull factors, negative aspects of their home country push them away and positive aspects of the host country pull people there |
| Economic impact of international migration | -Migrant workers often send money home to their families in their home country |
| Housing impact of international migration | -Demand for housing is greater than supply so houses expensive -Migrants sometimes helped to find houses by social services and British people resent it |
| Labour and skills impact of international migration | -Migration brings labour and skills causing European economies to grow -Most migrants can earn more than they could in their home countries -However, exploitation does happen |
| Social impact of international migration | -Schools taking many immigrant children can be under pressure -British parents sometimes feel this hinders their children's development as teachers have to focus on those who don't speak English well -Cultural mix can be positive, if racism doesn't develop |
| Migration from outside the EU | -2 million migrants from outside it's borders a year -Higher population to migrant ratio than the USA -9.4% of EU's people are foreign born |
| Polish workers in the UK | -Since 2004 1.5 million Eastern European migrants in the UK, 2/3 are polish -There are 545,000 Polish passport holders in the UK, compared to the 57,000 in 2003, before Poland joined the EU -Poland has a GDP of just over $500 billion compared with $2.5 trillion in the UK -Low GDP means less income for families and a general low quality of live -Unemployment was over 20%, meaning job opportunities were low -Very few high skilled jobs for the many Polish graduates. |
| Labour migration | -Cheap travel and more information attract skilled and non-skilled labour -Europe needs immigrants due to there very low birth rates -Spain's immigrant population increased by 400% in the past 10 years -20% of immigrants are graduates and take skilled jobs -Most people still view immigration as a problem rather than an opportunity |
| International migration: Senegal to Italy | -Senegalese economy not doing well, sank by 28.1% from 1990 to 1999 -Opportunities are limited in Senegal, many subsistence farmers and high rates of urban unemployment (15% young people -Half of population under 18 without many opportunities -See Italian football so choose to go to Italy for work -Work in tourism and industry in northern Italy -2014 94 000 Senegalese in Italy -Money sent home for children's education and improving standard of living -E.g. Beud Forage money has been used to set up water and electricity supplies |
| Refugee Migration | -Asylum seekers' lives are in danger if they remain in they're home country -1/3 EU immigrants claim to be asylum seekers -Some economic migrants claim to be asylum seekers thinking it'll improve their chances -Leads to resentment against asylum seekers -1990s Bosnian war Germany alone took 400 000 refugees, many of which returned later -Syrian civil war of 2011 means a lot of Syrian refugees -EU has taken 406 000 Syrian refugees -Germany took 295 000 of these -Sweden took the next greatest amount of 44 905 refugees |
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