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Created by serenacutbill
over 11 years ago
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Question | Answer |
Environmental Enrichment | Not a new concept Term coined in 1978 by Hutchings et al. |
Wild Behaviour | In zoos we want the animals to display wild or 'natural' or 'normal' behaviours Animals should be active, fit and healthy Enrichment can provide both mental and physical exercise |
Stereotyping | Repetitive behaviours that have no function/goal Very noticeable in zoo animals Visitors often pick up these behaviours quickly |
Examples of stereotypic behaviours | Pacing, wind sucking Self-mutilation (feather plucking, over grooming, chewing) Regurgitation and ingestion Bar biting, licking walls Swaying, throwing head back |
Activity in the wild | Zoos are very keen to ensure animals are active Very little research conducted on direct comparison of wild and captive animals activity levels Maybe active is for visiting public |
Food based enrichment Wild animals spend lot of time and energy foraging for food Captive animals are provided with little opportunity to forage/hunt | Successful in motivating animals Proven to reduce abnormal behaviours and aggression Simple or complex Scatter feeding, hiding feed, puzzle feeders, ice blocks, work for it |
Physical Enrichment | Good enclosure design - climbing frames, water features, trees Mostly permanent but can be modified Hides/covers should be provided for opportunity to hide from view Changing substrates - depths |
Sensory Enrichment Take care as may scare the animal, cannot guarantee good response | Sight, smell, sound, touch Playing sounds into enclosure - birdsong, radio, TV Using different scents - spices, herbs, catnip/nutmeg for cats Touch - humidity, thermal gradients |
Social Enrichment | Presence of same or other species Mixed exhibits becoming popular Cage mates of same species (could be problematic) |
Cognitive Enrichment | Provision of a mental challenge Puzzle feeders Tool use |
Benefits of enrichment | Full impact not been fully researched Preliminary reports suggest beneficial Enhances memory and learning Reduces fearfulness Provides physical exercise Improve reproduction |
Legislation | ZLA does not refer to feeding/nutrition in detail SSSMZP Section 2 relates to standards expected for provision of food and water |
Provision of Food and Water also controlled by Animal Welfare Act 2006 (5 Freedoms) | Live Feeding Invertebrates can be live fed Vertebrates and cephalods cannot be fed live unless in exceptional circumstances |
Food Presentation | Huge differences in way animals eat Alter method of providing food for species/individual Mixed species exhibits will need different food/method Ensure animal has correct diet |
Methods of Feeding Complete feed-style feeding: Provision of processed diet that meet nutritional requirements of animal Does not offer any choice | Cafeteria-style feeding: Variety of foodstuffs offered Mixture of fresh fruit and veg Animal allowed to choose what they select and consume |
Frequency of feeding | Some animals graze, so food should be available at all times Others fed once/twice day Now thought animals should be fed with high frequency and reduced amount - takes up staff time |
Selective feeding | Individual animals and dominant animals may select best parts Reduced nutrition Food may be pelleted, mashed, fed on different days |
Scatter feeding | Changes nutritional value of food due to direct contact with soil Often soil consumed - increased iron content or risk of Haemochromatosis (Iron Storage Disease) e.g. Toucans, Hornbills |
Carcass feeding | Supplying meat to carnivores e.g. hawks, large cats Require whole prey not pieces Good for dental health Many carnivores will become Ca deficient if not fed bones |
Feeding | Feeding zoo animals should: meet the animals nutritional requirements - carefully designed Should provide enrichment |
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