Revolt of 1857

1. Extinction of Native rulers. Eg. Awadh
   1. Doctrine of Lapse and Subsidiary alliance subordinated Indian rulers
      1. Pensioning off rulers. Eg. Peshwa Baji Rao
      2. Loosing royal titles

Annotations:

• Economic causes

1. Economic Causes
   1. Destruction of traditional handicrafts
      1. 1. Land revenue policies of the British
            1. 1. 1. Ruin of peasants
         2. Ruin of craftsmen
         3. Auctioning of Zamindari destroyed traditional zamindars
            2. High revenue demands led to failure in payment

1. Social and religious causes
   1. British rule was always foreign in nature
      1. Policy of racial discrimination
         1. Conversion of Christian missionaries to convert people
            1. 1. Efforts at social reform were disliked
                  1. Taxing religious lands hurt sentiments

1. Military cause
   1. 1. Travelling abroad
   2. Discontinuation of foreign service allowance-batta
   3. 1. Illtreatment by British officers

1. IMMEDIATE CAUSE
2. Issue of biting cartridges of Enfield Rifle made out of pig and cow fat hurt religious sentiments of Hindus and Muslims