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12003932
Immune System
Description
A2 Biology (Section 2) Mind Map on Immune System, created by Dominic Weston on 26/01/2018.
No tags specified
biology
section 2
a2
Mind Map by
Dominic Weston
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Dominic Weston
over 6 years ago
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Resource summary
Immune System
Immune Response
Defence Mechanisms
Non specific
Physical Barrier
Skin
The Process
Phagocytes engulf pathogens
Phagocytosis
Phagocyte Type of WBC
Phagocytes eg macrophage in liver
Phagocyte recognises foreign by binding to receptors
Chemical proporties of pathogens also act as attractants for phagocytes
Cytoplasm of phagocyte moves around the pathogen to engulf it forming a phagosome
Pathogen contained in a phagocytic vacuole in the cytoplasm
Lysosome containing lysozymes fuse with P.vacuole
Hydrolytic enzymes start to hydrolyse pathogen cell walls
Soluble products absorbed / removed from cell by exocytosis
The foreign antigens presented on its cell surface membrane
Turns into Antigen-presenting cell APC
Antigen-presenting phagocytes activate helper T cells
T lymphocyte cell specific receptors bind to Antigens on the APC
Attachment triggers T lymph cell to divide rapidly by mitosis to form its clone
Cloned T cells do many things:
Activate cytotoxic T cells
Kill abnormal cells (phagocytes) infected by pathogen
Binds to pathogen to start cell death
Produces Hydrogen peroxide OR protein (perforin)
This makes holes in cell-surface membrane
Resulting in cell death
T helper cells
Stimulate B cells
T-memory cells
Remembers specific antigen of pathogen
T lymphocytes activate B lymphocytes
Another type of WBC
B-Plasma cells release more antibodies into blood
Identical to B cell (clones)
Secrete many specific antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
Responsible for immediate defence
Production of anitbodies and memory cells
Primary Immune Response
B-Memory Cells keep antibodies
B-memory cell remembers
specific antibody for 2nd response
B cells covered in antibodies
Antibodies bind to their specific antigens or receptors on T cell
Forms antigen-antibody complex
This process and helper T cells activates B cells
Activated B cells divide into plasma cells
B cells can also be a APC
Antibody on B cell surface fits to complementary foreign antigen
Antigen enters B cell by endocytosis and is presented
T cell binds to presented antigen
Activates B cell to divide
Process called clonal selection
Specific
Cell-mediated response
T lymphocytes (T cells)
Type of WBC
Recognising "self"
Fetus
Lymphocytes collide with self material exclusively
Any lymphocytes that receptors fit with self material die or are suppressed
Adult
Lymphocytes produced in bone marrow
They initially only encounter self-antigens
Any that show immune response to self-antigens undergo apoptosis (cell death)
This eliminates any clones of these before they appear in the blood
Humoral response
B lymphocytes (B cells)
Cell Recognition
Antigens
Proteins
Variety and specific structures cause many combination
Membrane-bound protein, WBC can identify antigens determine self or foreign
Identifying the body's own cells and molecules
"self"
Identifiying foregin cells and molecules
"non-self"
Foreign antigens trigger an immune response
Antibodies
Protein with quaternary structure
Arms of antibodies bind to antigens of different pathogens
Clumps pathogens together (agglutination)
Effective as
Limits the spread of the pathogen
Spread of pathogen around the body
Clumps for effective phagocytosis
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