12021746
Description
Mind Map by Jamie Howell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jamie Howell
almost 7 years ago
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C8 - Chemical Analysis
- Purity
- Only one compound or
element - not mixed
with anything else
- A melting or boiling point can tell you the
purity
- Specific to element/compounds
- Closer = more pure
- Closer = more pure
- Impure = lower
melting/higher boiling
- Specific to element/compounds
- Only one compound or
element - not mixed
with anything else
- Formulations
- Useful mixture with precise purpose
- components measured specifically
to perform function
- Pharmacy
- Consumption
- Shelf Life
- Concentration
- Consumption
- Packaging - ratio/percent of
each component = suitable decisions
- Useful mixture with precise purpose
- Paper Chromatography
- Mobile phase = molecules
can move (liquid or gas)
- more time spent here = quicker
movement through stationary
- more time spent here = quicker
movement through stationary
- Stationary phase = molecules
cannot move (solid or thick
liquid)
- Distance dependent on how soluble they
are + how attracted to the paper they are
- higher solubility + low
attraction = more time in
mobile = further
- higher solubility + low
attraction = more time in
mobile = further
- ink = soluble
- pencil = insoluble
- Rf values
- Is a certain substance in a mixture
- Measure pure substance Rf (reference) - compare to Rf spots in mixture
- Measure pure substance Rf (reference) - compare to Rf spots in mixture
- Change of solvent = Rf changes
- Mixture + Reference spot in all solvents is the same = substance present
- Mixture + Reference spot in all solvents is the same = substance present
- Is a certain substance in a mixture
- Mobile phase = molecules
can move (liquid or gas)
- Gas Tests
- Chlorine = bleaches litmus paper (may turn
red before Cl is acidic
- Oxygen = relights glowing splint
- Carbon Dioxide = bubble through limewater turning it cloudy
- Hydrogen = squeaky pop from lit splint
- Chlorine = bleaches litmus paper (may turn
red before Cl is acidic
- Tests for Anions
- Dilute acid for carbonates
- 1. Add drops of dilute acid
- 2. Connect test tube to test tube
of limewater
- 3. Carbonate = present if limewater turns
cloudy (CO2)
- 1. Add drops of dilute acid
- Sulfates
- 1. Add HCl
- gets rid of carbonates which also
produce a white precipitate
- gets rid of carbonates which also
produce a white precipitate
- 2. Add barium chloride
- 3. Sulfate ions = white precipitate forms
- 1. Add HCl
- Halides
- 1. Add dilute nitric acid
- 2. Add silver nitrate
- Chloride = white precip
- Bromide = cream precip
- Iodide = yellow precip
- 1. Add dilute nitric acid
- Dilute acid for carbonates
- Tests for Cations
- Flame Test
- 1. Clean loop by dipping in
HCl + putting through flame
- 2. Dip in solid/solution
- 3. Put through flame
- Lithium
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Copper
- Works for single metal ions
- Flame Emission Spectroscopy
- Heat causes electrons to change
energy levels. Drop back =
transfer light
- Identify wavelengths create line spectrum
- Higher concentration = more intense
- Higher concentration = more intense
- No two ions have the same line
spectrum - can identify more
than one ion
- Advantages
- More accurate
- Flame tests rely on the human eye
- Flame tests rely on the human eye
- Very fast/automated
- Very sensitive
- More accurate
- Heat causes electrons to change
energy levels. Drop back =
transfer light
- Flame Emission Spectroscopy
- 1. Clean loop by dipping in
HCl + putting through flame
- Sodium hydroxide forms a precipitate
- Calcium
- Copper (II)
- Iron (II)
- Iron (III)
- Aluminium
- White then
redissolves to be
colourless
- White then
redissolves to be
colourless
- Magnesium
- Most metal
hydroxides =
insoluble
- Calcium
- Flame Test
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