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4.2 - What pressures currently confront cities and how are they changing them?
Description
A-level Geography G3 (Cities) Mind Map on 4.2 - What pressures currently confront cities and how are they changing them?, created by RoryFlynn2 on 10/06/2013.
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cities
geography g3
geography g3
cities
a-level
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RoryFlynn2
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RoryFlynn2
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Resource summary
4.2 - What pressures currently confront cities and how are they changing them?
Transport and communications
Internet accessibility
Decentralisation
Doughnut effect
'Dead heart'
Road degradation
Traffic congestion
Pollution
Enter text here
Over dependency on public transport
Over-crowding on trains
i.e. London underground
Case study: Bristol?
Disparities in wealth
Rising land values
Homelessness/ slums
Rate of urbanisation
Over-population
Unemployment
Creation of ghettos
Poorer areas lack services
More violent crimes within cities
People are less familiar with each other
Asylum seekers
Claim benefits
Illegal immigration
Case study: Plymouth, Devonport
Areal extent
Urban sprawl
Villages + towns swallowed up by growing cities
Phoenix, Arizona
No planning - constant spreading
Located in the desert
Water pumped from Colorado River
River over-pumped - dries up
Environmental restrictions
Mexico City
Inside an ex-volcano
Stops expansion
City is sinking as ground is soft
Sewage is brought back up - unhygienic
Rio De Janeiro
Population approx 11.6 milllion
2010 - pop 6 million - massive growth
150% growth sine 1960
Urban area covers 720 sq miles
Pop density - 16,100 mile sq
Inner core only 2% of city's growth last decade
Area surrounding that was 3% of growth
Biggest growth in suburbanisation - 43%
Is spreading over local mountains (Sugar Loaf + Corcovado) - not contained
600 favelas increasing + expanding the city
Quality of environment
Increasing population
Sewage issues
London
Mexico
Social disadvantages
Access to open space
Lack of green areas
Water accessibility
Increasing industry
Pollution/ enviro degradation
Clean environments
Pavements, street furniture, lack of graffiti + vandalism
Air quality
Noise pollution
Crime
People don't feel safe
Chongqing, China
Social/ enviro problems
Poor people - low paid jobs - 20p per hour
In some nightclubs a table costs a minimum of £50 - more than poor make in a month
In some cases 4 families live in one home
20 million pop in 2020
Appalling air quality even for China's standards
EU blames air pollution for premature deaths
£10 billion plan to improve quality of live
Untreated sewage - main biological pollutant
High motocycle industry - wants to move to cars
Each year 1/2 million people move into the city
Waste landfill sites the size of reservoirs
Huge amounts of carbon + methane emissions
Worries of toxins reaching water supply
Crime increased
Since 2002 - Drug cases increased 6x
At least 3 violent protests too
Far behind on environmental protection
Pressures in London
Population and domestic demand for energy
Projected population/ dwelling increase
460,000 new by 2016
660,000 new homes by 2025
In this time: Projected 10% reduction in heat demands
Due to improved insulation
New homes - demand lower - 3000kWh per annum
Electricity demand for lights + appliances 20% less - 2700kWh
Non-domestic demand
Increase in employment of 845,000 + 24% increase in domestic floor space
25% reduction in annual heat demand
30% reduction in electricity
Proportion of electrically heated floor space will fall to 10% in new buildings
Proportion of air-conditioned offices remain at 50%
Predicted water balance
During most summers water from the Thames and Lee meet demand for water
Periods of low rainfall threaten security of supply
2 winters of below average rainfall can lead to drought conditions
Low rainfall in winter months limits refill of groundwater stores
Leads to low river flows following spring/summer
Supply across London unbalanced
Some areas experience deficit
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