Chapter 11: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments, c. 1900 to Present

World War I
1. Shifting Alliances
  1. Triple Alliances negotiated by Otto von Bismarck
    1. Germany
    2. Austria-Hungary
    3. Italy
  2. Triple Entente
    1. France
    2. Russia
    3. Britain
2. Assassination
  1. Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in 1914
  2. "dominoes" alliances
    1. Central Powers
      1. Germany
      2. Ottoman Empire
      3. Austria-Hungary
    2. Allied Powers
      1. Britain
      2. France
      3. Russia
      4. 40+ countries
3. Isolationism
  1. US maintained neutrality
    1. Germans sunk the Lusitania
    2. Zimmermann telegram
4. Consequences
  1. deaths
    1. 8.5 million soldiers
    2. 20 million civilians
  2. social
    1. governments took over
    2. instituting price controls
    3. rationing of products
    4. men moved into factories to fill empty positions
  3. League of Nations
    1. President Wilson's Fourteen Points
      1. establishing future peace
      2. workable balance of power
  4. did not agree, therefore US did not sign
  5. Treaty of Versaille
    1. forced Germany to
      1. pay war reparations
      2. release territory
      3. downsize its military
Russian Revolution
1. 1905, protesters encouraged Nicholas II to enact Enlightened reforms, but he felt threatened and fired on the protesters
2. attempt to enact legislation through
  1. appointment of a Prime Minister
  2. creating the Duma, representative of the Russian people
3. Russian Revolution
  1. Czar Nicholas forced to abdicate his throne due to rising casualties and food shortages in WWI
  2. Alexander Kerensky
    1. established an ineffective provisional government
      1. misinterpreted working class opinions of the war
  3. 1918, Bolsheviks
    1. Vladimir Lenin
      1. April Theses
        demanded peace
        land for peasants
        power to the soviets
    2. took command of the government within six months
  4. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
    1. ceded a huge piece of western Russia to Germany, so Russia dropped out of WWI
  5. Soviet Union
    1. faced nonstop skirmishes between 1918 and 1921
      1. Bolsheviks created the Red Army
        under command of Leon Trotsky
Ottoman Empire
1. joined losing Central Powers of World War I
  1. lost remaining land
  2. ripe for attack from the Greeks, who picked up arms in 1919
2. Mustafa Kemal, also known as Ataturk
  1. led successful military campaigns against the Greeks
  2. overthrew the Ottoman sultan
    1. became the first president of modern Turkey
  3. secularized the overwhelmingly Muslim nation
  4. changed alphabet from Arabic to Latin
  5. set up a parliamentary system
  6. changed the legal code from islamic to Western
  7. set Turkey on a path toward Europe as opposed to the Middle East
World War II
1. Causations
  1. The Soviet Union
    1. New Economic Policy (NEP)
      1. some capitalistic aspects
        allowed farmers to sell portions of their grain for their own profit
    2. leadership shifted to Joseph Stalin
      1. discarded as Stalin believed it was ridiculously slow
      2. Five Year Plans
        collectivization
        expedient agricultural production by ruthlessly taking over private farms and combining them into state-owned enterprises
      3. industrialized the USSSR
        improved economic conditions
        relied on terror tactics
        "Great Purge"
        government systematically killed so many of its enemies
  2. Germany
    1. suffered under Treaty of Versailles
      1. American I.O.U.s
    2. fascism
    3. Weimar Republic
      1. fairly conservative democratic republic, rejected socialist or communist systems
      2. Reichstag
        increasingly rejected by the German people
    4. National Socialist Party (Nazis) rose to power in the 1920s
      1. Adolf Hitler
        social Darwinism
        Aryan race was most highly evolved race
        became chancellor in 1933
        seized control of the government, known under his fascist rule as the Third Reich
        began rebuilding German military in 1933
        took back the Rhineland in 1935
        formed alliance with Japan in 1937
        annexed Austria and moved to reclaim the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in 1938
        Munich Conference of 1938
        gave the Sudetenland to Hitler in return for the promise to cease his expansionist activities
        appeasement
        invaded remaining territories in Czechoslovakia in 1939
        Britain and France signed a non-aggression pact with Greece, Turkey, Romania, and Poland
        Germans signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact
        agreement that Germany would not invade the Soviet Union if the Soviets stayed out of Germany's military affairs
        determined how Eastern Europe would be divided among them
        German forces marched into Poland
        declaration of war by Allied forces, beginning of WWII
  3. The Great Depression
    1. The United States
      1. 33% unemployment
      2. Franklin Roosevelt
  4. Italy
    1. Benito Mussolini
      1. National Fascist Party in 1919
        paid Blackshirts to fight socialist and communist organizations
      2. demanded King Victor Emmanuel III name him to cabinet posts
      3. faced little opposition to his consolidation of political power
        transformed Italy into a totalitarian fascist regime in 1926
  5. General Francisco Franco
    1. installed dictatorship in Spain, stayed neutral
  6. Japan
    1. invaded Manchuria, renaming it Manchukuo and establishing a colony
    2. signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany
    3. Invasion of China
      1. "Rape of Nanjing"
2. War
  1. blitzkrieg
    1. used by Germans, destroyed everything in its path with historically unprecedented speed
  2. Winston Churchill
    1. refused to cut a deal with Germany
      1. Battle of Britain
  3. Japan
    1. Tripartite Pact
    2. bombed Pearl Harbor
  4. U.S.
    1. U.S. joined war
      1. Manhattan Project
        President Truman ordered dropping of atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagaski
        Japan surrendered
        end of WWII
      2. D-Day
        joint Allied offensive
        eventually resulted in liberation of France
  5. Russia
    1. defended Stalingrad
      1. Hitler committed suicide
3. Consequences
  1. Holocaust
  2. Peace Settlement
  3. Europe
    1. Marshall Plan
      1. billions of dollars of American money was made available for reconstruction offered to all European countries
  4. Women
    1. increased employment and education
  5. International Organizations
    1. United Nations
      1. mediate and intervene in international disputes between nations, but expanded to human rights and other social problems
  6. Cold War
    1. United States and Soviet Union
Cold War

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Chapter 11: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments, c. 1900 to Present

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