REPRODUCTION

Annotations:

• only eggs

1. genetically identical unless mutation

1. stolon
   1. horizontal stem on ground
   2. can produce new clone from buds at intervals
   3. strawberry
2. bulb
   1. short underground stem to which overlapping
   2. onion
3. rhizome
   1. horizontal underground stem
   2. ginger
   3. new aerial shoot arise from axillary buds on the rhizome
4. tuber
   1. swollen underground stem store food
      1. root
      2. stem
   2. potato
5. corm
   1. very short & erect underground stem
   2. water chestnut
6. leaf
   1. leaf margin produce plantlets
   2. bryophyllum
7. sucker
   1. root produce new plant
   2. banana

1. parthenogenesis(virgin birth)
   1. egg develop into young without fertelised
   2. komodo dragon
   3. aphids

      Annotations:

      • use when food is ample to exploit the food
2. budding
   1. formation bud fom parent cell
   2. grows, detaches & germinates
   3. yeast
3. binary fission
   1. unicellular divides into 2
   2. receive DNA, ribosomes & cytoplasm
   3. amoeba
4. regeneration
   1. parent body breaks, each grow into organism
   2. starfish

Annotations:

• gametogenesis= formation of gametes

1. internal
   1. copulation

      Annotations:

      • male delivers sperm directly into female
   2. fusion inside
   3. terrestrial org
   4. devp. of embryos
      1. oviparity
         1. fertelize-inside, devp.-outside
         2. animal lays eggs
         3. chicken
      2. viviparty
         1. devp. occur inside
         2. gain nutrient directly from mother
         3. retained in uterus for a period
         4. tiger
      3. ovoviparity
         1. devp. inside shelled eggs in mother's body
         2. matured, hatched & released
         3. embryo obtain nutrient (eggyolk)
         4. shark
2. external
   1. aquatic org

      Annotations:

      • frog fish
   2. fusion outside body
   3. mating partners release gamete simultaneously
   4. short lifetime/many released