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Description
Flashcards by jaspreet.natt, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by jaspreet.natt
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What do the arrows indicate on an energy flow diagram? | Where the energy is being transferred to. |
| How can energy be lost at each trophic level? | Respiration, movement, heat lost, faeces (egestion). |
| Why isn't there normally a 4th or 5th degree consumer in a food chain? | There isn't enough energy to pass on. |
| Equation for Energy Efficiency? | Energy Efficiency (%) = Energy into Biomass / Total Energy X 100 |
| Why can Pyramids of Biomass be hard to construct? | An organism may belong in more than 1 trophic level. It's hard measuring the dry biomass of an organism for example, a tree. |
| What do Pyramids of Biomass show? | Dry mass of living material at each trophic level. |
| What two elements are recycled? | Nitrogen and Carbon |
| What do animals compete for? | Food, water and mates. |
| What do plants compete for? | Light, water and minerals |
| What is "intraspecific"? | Competition between the same species. |
| What is "interspecific"? | Competition with other species. |
| What is a parasite? | An organism which lives of other organisms (hosts), in the relationship the host suffers; for example a tick. |
| What's a mutualistic relationship? | A relationship between two organisms where both organisms benefit from; for example oxpecker birds eat ticks and larvae infesting the skin of buffalo. |
| What does adaptation increase? | The chance of survival. |
| List Polar Bear adaptations (4) | Thick layers of fat and fur for insulation. Large feet to distribute its weight on the ice and snow. Small ears to reduce heat loss, small surface area to volume ratio. Powerful legs for swimming and running. |
| Describe what happens in "Counter - Current Heat Exchange." | Warm blood that is about to flow into the flippers flows past cold blood which is entering the body from the flippers to warm up cold blood to prevent heat loss; the core temperature is not affected. |
| What adaptations do cactuses have? | Long roots to find water. Stores water. Has spines to protect itself from predators. |
| List adaptations camels have? | Large flat feet to distribute their weight on sand. Fat stored in humps to prevent insulation under skin. Ability to drink a lot of water and store extra water in their blood. Can tolerate body temperatures up to 42 degrees C. Two rows of eye lashes and slit like noses to prevent sand getting in. |
| List predator adaptations | Binocular Vision (accurate perception of size and dimensions.) Built for speed. Sharp teeth. |
| List adaptations prey have | Monocular Vision (wide field view.) Built for speed. Live in groups. Ability to camouflage easily. |
| What is synchronous breeding? | Prey reproduce when predator population is low. |
| What are "extremophiles"? | An organism which can survive and is adapted to living in extreme environments - either very hot, very cold or highly concentrated salt water; e.g. Antartic Fish. |
| What is a "specialist" organism? | An organism which is suited for certain habitats. |
| What is a "generalist" organism? | An organism which can live in a range of habitats, but these organisms are normally out-competed by specialist organisms which are adapted to live in the environment. |
| What did Charles Darwin's natural selection theory propose? | Organisms better adapted to their environment have more of a chance of survival and producing offspring. |
| What is a mutation in terms of natural selection? | The change in DNA |
| What are the dangers of anti-biotics? | They can leave the resistant bacteria without much competition. Some bacteria can become resistant to anti-biotics. |
| Why did Charle's Darwin's theory contribute to a lot of controversy? | It conflicted with the Bible; it went against the statement that God was the reason behind every creation. |
| What did Lamarck's evolutionary theory propose? | A characteristic which is used by an organism develops and becomes stronger and bigger, while the characteristics which were ignored eventually disappeared. Improved features are passed on to offspring. |
| Why was Lamarck's theory rejected? | It didn't have a genetic basis, and couldn't account for simple organisms. |
| What is a "Carbon Footprint"? | The amount of carbon dioxide / greenhouse gas emitted at a given period of time by an event or an individual. |
| What chemical was found to be responsible for Ozone Depletion? | CFCs, these were found in aerosol cans, refrigerators and insulation material. |
| List the impurities which cause acid rain: | Nitrogen Oxide Sulfur Dioxide |
| What are the disadvantages of acid rain? | Metal Corrodes, Dissolves rock and statues, Contaminates rivers and lakes with acid rain killing the aquatic life. |
| What is Global Warming? | The eventual increase of the surface temperature of Earth. |
| What effect will Global Warming have on the Polar Bears? | Global Warming will melt the polar ice caps, (the habitat of polar bears) - with there habitat destroyed they will start to find other areas to live, these areas could be too hot and they could die by getting too hot. Polar Bears are specialists. |
| What are "Indicator Species"? | Indicator species allow us to determine the pollution levels of certain areas. |
| What type of pollution do Linchen's allow use to determine? | Air Pollution. Bush Linches = Clear air Leafy Linches = Moderate air Pollution Crust Lichens = Highly polluted. |
| What is water pollution caused by? | The discharge of harmful substances into Lakes, Rivers and Oceans. |
| What indicator species are used for water pollution monitoring? | Mayfly Larva = Clean Freshwater Shrimp = Low Water Louse = High Rat tailed maggots / sludgeworms = Very High |
| Define sustainable resource: | A resource which can be replaced at the rate it's being used. This shouldn't compromise the use for the future. |
| What can be set to ensure live stock is replaced? | Quotas. |
| What is a quotas? | A limited or fixed number or amount of people or things. |
| What conserving mechanisms have been put in place to protect cod fish? | Mesh net size have increased; this prevents young cod fish being captured before they breed. Quotas set to restrict fishing levels. Not endangered species quotas increased. |
| What factors can cause the extinction of a species? | Change of climate, Destruction of habitat, Pollution. |
| How can endangered species be protected? | Educating about sustainable resources. Captive breeding, then returning the organism back to its habitat. Conserving natural habitats. Legal protection. Artifical ecosystems. Seedbanks. |
| What is the dangers of a species with very little genetic variation? | Disease poses a huge threat. |
| Why do people believe in conservation programmes? | Protect human food supply. Minimise damage to food chains. Keep plants which at a later date could be identified as medicines. Protect culture of indigenous people. |
| What has caused the whales to become endangered? | Fishing nets, Collision accidents, Climate change, Culling and hunting. |
| Whales are a valuable source dead or alive, why? | Alive Whales - Used for tourism attraction. Dead Whales - Used for food, cosmetics and oil. |
| Who creates laws on whaling and distributes the quotas? | The International Whaling Commision. |
| Why is it difficult to enforce the laws to protect whales? | Whales cross international waters - some countries don't agree with a ban on whaling. It's impossible to police all of the oceans. |
| List a few countries which don't agree with a ban on whaling. (3) | Japan Norway Iceland |
| Why is "Binomial Naming" used? | The same name can be used all around the world. |
| List the ranks in further division. | Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| List four arthropod classes. | Insect Crustacean Arachnid Myriapod |
| Give an example of a mutualistic relationship. | Oxpecker Bird and Buffalo. |
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