The Colonization of The New World (Things that made European colonization possible)

A. The Crusades
1. 1. Christian Europe's effort to drive the Muslims out of the Holy Lands.
  1. 2. Exposed Europeans to the Riches of the Far East.
    1. 3. Europeans started looking for a shorter, safer trade route to the far east.
B. The Second Son Syndrome
1. 1. The first son in most European families inherited the family estates and money.
  1. Younger sons had basically 3 choices - Join the army (end up dead), join the clergy (can't get laid), or become a professor (not enough money).
    1. Second sons would leave the family in search of wealth and fame.
  2. Property has to stay in the family.
C. Scientific Advancements
1. 1. Improvements in Navigation
  1. a. The use of the Astrolabe:
    1. 1. Measures the angle of the sun in relation to the earth.
    2. 2. Tells the latitude.
    3. 3. Europeans got it from the Muslims during the crusades.
  2. B. The use of the Compass:
    1. 1. Uses the magnetic field of the earth to tell Cardinal directs.
    2. 2. Developed by the Chinese.
    3. 3. Europeans got it from the Muslims during the crusades.
  3. C. Improvements in Geography
    1. 1. New charts and maps were being created.
    2. 2. Henry the Navigator established a school to teach navigation.
2. 2. Improvements in Geography
  1. a. Europeans became curious about the rest of the world.
    1. c. The map makers (cartographers) help create the charts needed to explore the world.
  2. b. People began to make maps and study the earth.
3. 3. The European Discovery of Gun Powder
  1. a. Gunpowder was used by the Chinese as early as 300A.D. for religious celebrations.
    1. c. The discovery of gunpowder helped Europeans in the development of cannons and firearms.
    2. d. These new weapons allowed Europeans to protect themselves and gain a foothold on the new lands they discovered.
      1. e. Makes castles worthless.
        f. Made knight and shinning armors nonexsistent. They used peasants to use the guns which caused less money.
    3. b. reached the Europeans via crusades.
E. Improvements in Ship Building
1. 1. Europeans ships had square sails.
  1. a. Square rigged ships could only sail down wind (leeward).
    1. b. Arab (Muslim) ships were latine rigged (triangular)
      1. c. Latine rigged ships could sail into the wind (windward) 1. Europeans began to build bigger ships.
2. 2. Europeans began to develop a rudder type steering system.
  1. 3. The overall quality of ship building improved.
F. The European belief that it was their duty to christanize the world.
1. 1. According to Medieval thought, the Europeans were to spread Christianity.
  1. 2. They should take all pagan cultures and convert them to the Christian religion.
  2. 3. The bible was written in Greek or Latin only priests and clergy can read it.
G. The Beginning of the Reformation
1. 1. In 1517 Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses (mistakes) on the church door at Wittenburg.
  1. a. His Theses challenged the power and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church.
    1. b. The Roman Catholic church split.
      1. 1. Protestants (those who challenged the beliefs of Catholicism-Martin Luther).
        2. Roman Catholics, followed the old beliefs of the church.
      2. c. New religious denominations began to be created under the new Protestant branch of the Christian religion.
  2. 2. Persecution of one religious group by another became a major theme in European history.
    1. 3. Europeans began to flee persecution, many traveled to the New World to worship freely.
      1. 4. Formation of the Anglican Church (b/c of affair)
        1. Henry VIII wanted to marry his cousin.
        a. Henry VIII got special permission from the Pope to do so.
        b. Henry's wife couldn't produce a male heir to the throne.
        c. Henry wanted a divorce and to marry someone else.
        d. He asked the Pope for permission to divorce his wife and the Pope refused.
        2. Henry declared himself the head of the Catholic church in England.
        a. This became known as the Anglican church.
        b. They did little to change the way that the church was ran.
2. Tetsul
  1. Lets sell indulgences (forgiveness for sin before doing it).
    1. Equals more money for St. Peter's Cathedral
    2. Gone to Germany and sold out "menus" with sin and payment for forgiveness.
H. Economic Changes
1. 1. Mercantalism
  1. a. Economic theory that stated "the world contained a foxed amount of wealth"
    1. b. The country with the most wealth was the stronger country.
      1. 1. One country needed to deprive other countries of wealth.
        2. One country needed to gain more access to more wealth.
      2. c. A country must have a Favorable Balance of Trade
        1. A country needed to sell more goods than it brought.
        a. A country could impose tariffs on imported goods.
        b. It could produce more goods to export.
        2. The importance of colonies.
        a. Buy raw materials from colonies.
        1. Pay a cheaper price.
        2. Money doesn't leave the country.
        b. The colony provides a market for manufacture to sell the goods.
  2. "Wealth of Nations" Adam Smith.
    1. All the world wealth is finite and country with the most wins.
      1. Colonies:
        a. Provides mother country with cheap resources.
        b. Depends on the mother country for resources.
        (Main reason for the 13 colonies.)
        1. Illegal to use other things not coming from England.
        2. Boston Tea Party. Sam Adams.
        3. Talking, drunk, white, dressed up as Indians (Native Americans).
2. 2. Joint-Stock Company
  1. a. Exploration and colonization was expensive.
    1. b. Two ways to finance an expedition:
      1. 1. A country sponsors you.
        2. You get the support of a joint-stock company.
        a. A group of people invest in a expedition.
        b. The investors get a percentage of the profits from the expedition.
        c. Benefits of a joint stock company:
        1. You can raise a lot of money.
        2. Lessens the financial risk for each individual if expedition fails to turn a profit.
3. 3. The Enclosure Movement in England
  1. a. Before 1600 English farmers and herders used public or common land freely.
    1. b. Beginning in the late 1600s farmers began to fence off and enclose their land.
      1. 1. Put many herders and farmers out of business.
        2. These displaced farmers came to the New World for free or cheap land.
J. Balance of Power in Europe
1. 1. By the 1600s France, England and Spain were the most powerful countries in Europe.
  1. 2. When one country got too powerful the other two challenged it;s power.
    1. a. This led to a constant shift in alliances.
      1. b. This led to nearly 200 years of declared and undeclared wars.
        c. Colonial possessions strengthened a nations powers.
        1. Supplied resources.
        2. Supplied bases for military operations around the world.

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The Colonization of The New World (Things that made European colonization possible)

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