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2035694
Basic concepts of endocrine system
Description
Mind Map on Basic concepts of endocrine system, created by Mandy Ng on 15/02/2015.
No tags specified
physiology
nursing
life science
endocrine
hormones
Mind Map by
Mandy Ng
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Mandy Ng
almost 10 years ago
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Resource summary
Basic concepts of endocrine system
Coordination of body functions
Neurotransmitters
Released by axon terminals of neurons into synaptic junctions
Act locally to control nerve cell functions
Endocrines
Secreted by glands/ specialized cells into the circulating blood
Influence the function of cells at other location in the body
Neuroendocrines
Secreted by neurons into the circulation
Influence the function of cells at other location in the body
E.g. hypothalamic hormones
Paracrines
Secreted by cells --> extracellular fluid (ECF)
Affect neighbouring cells (i.e. other than those that produced the hormone )
E.g. Action of sex steroid on the ovary
Autocrines
Secreted by cells --> ECF
Affect the same cells that produced them (i.e. site of production)
E.g. Release of insulin from pancreatic B-cells can inhibit its release from the same cells
Cytokines
Are peptides secreted by cells --> ECF
Can function as autocrines, paracrines/ endocrines
E.g. interleukins
Body's 2nd largest communication system
Serves to REGULATE, INTEGRATE, & COORDINATE diff. physiological processes by means of hormones
Hormonal regulations: 4 areas
1. Digestion, utilization & storage of nutrients
E.g. Gut hormones, insulin
2. Growth & development
E.g. Growth hormones, FSH, LH
3. Water & electrolyte balance
E.g. PTH, aldosterone, ADH
4. Reproductive functions
E.g. Estrogen, testerone
Hormones
Mode of action
Def.
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine organs
Released in small quantities into blood & upon delivery by the circulation to target cell
Act to regulate reactions that elicit a typical response
Endocrine action
Chemical structures
3 categories
Amines & amino acids
Derived from single aa (Tyrosine)
E.g Norepinephrine & epinephrine
Derived from 2 iodinated tyrosine aa residues
E.g. Thyroid hormones
Peptides (<20 aa) & Proteins (>20 aa)
Small
E.g. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (3 aa)
Large & Complex
E.g. Growth hormone & FSH (approx. 200 aa)
Steroids
Derived from cholesterol
E.g. Testosterone, oestrogen & progesterone
Synthesis
Protein & peptide hormones
Synthesized in rough ER
Usually synthesized as precursor hormone --> modification
E.g. Insulin contains an extra aa when synthesized
Packed & stored in granules/ vesicles by Golgi & secreted when required
May exist as free hormone & circulates unbound in blood/ complexed with specific binding proteins
Steroid hormones
Synthesized in smooth ER/ mitochondria
Certain steroids --> precursors for production of other hormones
E.g. In adrenal cortex: progesterone --> aldosterone, cortisol/ androgens
Carried by specific carrier proteins
Metabolism & excretion
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