Restless earth AQA geography

1. core
   1. inner

      Annotations:

      • the inner core is the hottest part of the Earth. its around 5,500 degrees celcius and is a dense solid made up of iron and nickel.
   2. outer

      Annotations:

      • the outer core is 2,000km thick and liquid.
2. mantle

   Annotations:

   • the mantle is the thickest layer of the Earth. its made of semi-molten rock and is about 3,000km thick.
3. crust

   Annotations:

   • the crust is the thinnest layer and is varies between a thickness of 5-70km. the crust is made up of plates .
   1. oceanic

      Annotations:

      • 4-7 miles thick. made up of heavy rock such as basalt. made of liquid lava that cools quickly
   2. continental

      Annotations:

      • 19 miles thick. made up of rock such as granite. mostly igneous rock divided into 2 layers

Annotations:

• convection currents move the plates around the earth and cause continental shift.

1. destructive

   Annotations:

   • create violent earthquakes and volcanoes. form when 2 plates move towards eachother. if its 2 continental plates they will push up and create fold mountains. also create ocean trenches.
   1. volcanoes
      1. composite

         Annotations:

         • made up of alternating layers of lava and ash. slow moving sticky thick lave causes them to be steep and tall with wide bases.  usually found at destructive plate boundaries.
      2. super
         1. Yellowstone
         2. 1000km3 of material
         3. caldera
      3. Lahar

         Annotations:

         • volcanic mudflow. water combines with mud and volacanic ash then  flows down hill.
      4. hazard maps
      5. magma
         1. lava
         2. pyroclastic flow

            Annotations:

            • heated cloud of ash.
      6. seismometers
         1. VEI volcanic explosivity index
      7. Soufriere Hills, Montserrat
      8. shield

         Annotations:

         • usually found at constructive plate boundariels. theyare low with gently sloping sides this is due to them having thin runny fast moving lava that travels farther. gentle frequent eruptions.
   2. earthquakes

      Annotations:

      • earthquakes occur due to friction between plates. a sudden jolt causes vibrations called seimic waves the rapidly race in all directions. the point at which a earthquake occurs is called the focus. the point directly above that at ground level is called the epicentre.
      1. tsunami
         1. Japan
      2. fault line
      3. epicentre
         1. focus
      4. richter scale
      5. seismic waves
      6. MEDC
         1. Chile,2010
      7. LEDC
         1. Haiti, 2010
   3. mountains
      1. HEP

         Annotations:

         • hydroelectric power. using water to create energy.
      2. sustainable farming

         Annotations:

         • growing just enough to survive
      3. Himalayas, Nepal
      4. GDP

         Annotations:

         • gross domestic produce. indicator of wealth of an area
2. constructive

   Annotations:

   • create mid ocean ridges, volcanoes and earthquakes.  2 plates moving away from eachother
   1. ocean trenches
      1. mariana trench
3. converging

   Annotations:

   • create frequent violent earthquakes. 2 plates sliding past eachother wiithout creating or destroying land.
4. pacific ring of fire

Annotations:

• pangea was a super continent that formed approximately 300 million years ago then began to break apart after 100 million years.