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2934483
Energy Security
Description
Revision mind map of key themes and case studies for the Edexcel A level Geography Unit 3 topic: Energy Security
No tags specified
geography
a2
edexcel
revision
unit 3
energy
china
alberta
pathways
geography
a level
Mind Map by
jamesnchlsn
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
jamesnchlsn
about 9 years ago
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Resource summary
Energy Security
Rising demand
China
per capita demand still low > BUT will increase
Mega cities & Urbanisation
Manufacturing
Emerging middle class
Increased car ownership
Rising standard of living
1.1 BILLION POPULATION
2nd largest global consumer, but set to overtake USA
2007: 15% of global demand
"Increasing energy insecurity due to increase in demand."
Inefficient usage
Issues with supply
Importing since 1993
Exploration hindered by territorial disputes
e.g. Japanese islands in S. China Sea
Dependence on fossil fuels
(70% coal)
PROTECTIONISM POLICY
Quotas and tariffs on imports to promote Chinese products
Past peak oil production
Natural gas production limited by cost of long distance pipelines
Gas fields in WEST
Mega cities in EAST
HEP development hindered by Earthquakes
Solutions
Resource based foreign policy
e.g. Burma, East African nations
50% privatisation
Improved internal infrastructure (West/East)
New/upgraded pathways
80% of oil via sea (Straits of Malacca)
Increased naval presence
Planned Burmese pipeline
Proposed Karachi highway (Iran)
Eastern Siberia- Pacific Ocean Pipeline (ESPO)
Russia no longer dependent on EU
1.6 million b/day
Proposed 1000km branch to Daqing
Phase 1 began in 2006
Nuclear construction
BP Energy Outlook
41% rise in demand by 2025
50% of increase from India & China
USA produce 101% of their demand (69% in 2005)
Russia remains largest net exporter (4.2% of global usage)
China overtakes EU as largest importer by 2030
72% of rise in emissions from non-OECD
Total renewables = 7% (2% today) Electricity renewables = 14% (5% today)
US, Russia, Saudi produce 1/3 global liquids
87% of coal growth from India and China
IEA estimates $22 trillion investment required by 2030
Exploitation of sensitive areas
Alberta Tar Sands
Arctic contains 25% of global unexploited oil and gas reserves.
2.5 trillion barrels of oil
More than Saudi Arabia's reserves
Unconventional oil deposits now commercially viable
Rising oil prices
New technology
Anthabasca deposit contains 1.75trillion barrels (> 50% of global proven reserves)
Canada replaced Saudi Arabia as US primary oil supplier in 2004
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Emissions equiv. to 1.3bn cars
High pressure prevents dispersal of air pollution
Water tainted by heavy metals (used for steam seperation of tar/sand)
Cannot be decontaminated
Held in 30sq mile holding pens
PROCESS
Forest clearance
Strip mining
Tar sands sent to refinery (heating)
Proportion of oil used to refine more oil (low output)
20% surface recoverable
"self sufficient in energy"
"access to reliable/affordable sources"
"diversity of supply"
UK renewable potential
Physical geography & climate
Renewables often 'intermittant'
HEP
Nuclear
Compare to Iceland...
Wind
CHP
Tidal
Solar
Biomass
Risks to energy security
Geopolitics & Pathways
Political stability of producer regions
Resource conflict (e.g. environmental issue in Arctic)
Lomonosov ridge
Pathway disruption
Natural disasters: Hurricane Katrina
19% US gas affected
US Gov stockpiles used
Global price +$3pb
113 offshore platforms damaged
Technical Interruption
National Grid warned of blackouts in winter 2014
2 EDF nuclear shutdowns in 2014 and fire at coal plant
UK's ageing power stations shutting down and new plants slow to come online
Price and payment issues: Russia halts pipes to Ukraine (June 2004)
Dispute with state owned Gazprom
Conflict with pro-Russian seperatists
Ukraine owes £3.2billion
Dispute taken to ICCA (Stockholm)
Piracy: Horn of Africa
Europe's biggest alternative supply route to Russian oil (Quwait)
Piracy and robbery from shipping
EU 2014 Policy - naval antipiracy activity at Cape of Africa
Terrorism: Al Qaeda
One of their three methods of 'economic war' against America is OIL.
Destroying wells/pipelines
Attacking tankers
Menacing maritime chokepoints
Bombing TNC HQs and kidnapping officials
Diversion for higher price: ESPO Pipeline
EU fear Russia may 'turn off taps' if they can sell gas elsewhere
Previously, 76% of Russia's supply went to small EU states
Pipelines cost $50bn
Russia agreed with China in 2014 to sell $400bn gas over 50yrs
PHYSICAL: resource depletion
Control over supply
North Sea Oil Past Peak Production
ECONOMIC: sudden price rises
Control over prices
Marginal reserves become viable (e.g. Alberta Tar Sands)
PLAYERS ACTIONS FUTURES
Key players
TNCS
Monopolies
Upstream
Midstream
Downstream
Shell in Nigeria
Refining, processing, marketing & retail
Transport and storage
Exploration & Production
Environmentalists
Pressure & lobbying for renewables
Campaigns, protests & media attention
Scientists/R&D
Alternative & renewable sources
Efficiency gains
Consumers
via Regulator
Prevent exploitation by 'big 6'
Highly price sensitive
Distributers
Role of National Grid (see technical interruption)
Governments
OPEC
Adjust output to fix prices
12 nations
Subsidies/ renewable incentives
Diplomatic relations & trade agreements
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