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COPD

diseases characterized by chronic or recurrent obstruction to the airflow
1. risk factors
  1. smoking
    1. dusts & chemicals
      1. AAT deficiency
2. includes
  1. Asthma
    1. emphysema
      1. chronic bronchitis
        bronchiectasis
        permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles
        Persistent cough with sputum for >=3 months in >=2 consecutive years
      2. permanent enlargement in air spaces & terminal bronchioles
    2. recurrent episodes of bronchospasm
      1. clinical manifestation
        SOB
        Chest Tightness
        Coughing
        Wheezing
        high-pitched, coarse whistling sound
      2. diagnosis
        FeNO Test
        Spirometer
        Peak Flow Test
      3. treatment
        B2 agonists
        Methylxanthine Drugs
        Leukotriene Inhibitors
        Anti-Muscarinic Agents
        Corticosteroids
        Monoclonal Antibody Therapy
        Cromolyn & Nedocromil
3. How its related to COVID-19?
  1. SARS-COV-2 enters cell by binding to ACE2
    1. ACE2 is increased in COPD
4. Lung functional tests
  1. Exercise stress test
    1. Lung volume tests
      1. Gas diffusion tests
  2. normal volume
Acute Tubular Necrosis
1. kidney injury characterized by acute tubular cell injury and dysfunction
  1. Causes
    1. Ischemic
    2. Nephrotoxic
  2. Clinical presentation
    1. fatigue
      1. Nausea & vomiting
        loss of apetite
        pain in flanks
  3. Pathophysiology
  4. Investigations
    1. CBC
      1. Urinalysis
        Kidney Biopsy
  5. Management
    1. Diuretics
2. Renal failure
3. Histology
4. Renal injury
  1. Pre-renal
  2. Intra-renal
  3. Post-renal

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COPD

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	Created by Marwa Alqassim about 2 years ago