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388709
Understanding Organisms
Description
AS Level Biology (B1: Understanding Organisms) Mind Map on Understanding Organisms, created by Oliver Wood on 25/11/2013.
No tags specified
b1: understanding organisms
biology
biology
b1: understanding organisms
as level
Mind Map by
Oliver Wood
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Oliver Wood
over 10 years ago
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Resource summary
Understanding Organisms
Fitness + Health
Blood Pressure = mm of Mercury
mmHg
Systolic = Max pressure
Diastolic = Low pressure
Increased by
Obesity
Smoking
Stress
High Alcohol intake
Stroke
High blood pressure
Can damage kidneys
Damage to brain
Low Pressure
Dizziness/ Fainting
Fitness = Ability for physical activity
Measured by cardiovascular activity
Strength
Flexibility
Stamina
Speed
Agility
Fitness is situation dependent
Health = Disease free
Smoking
Increases blood pressure
Carbon Monoxide reduces oxygen carried by blood
Oxygen deprivation damages cells
CO combines with haemoglobin
Prevents oxygen carrying
Nicotine
Increases heart rate
Diet and Heart disease
Risk increased by
High saturated fat diet
Cholesterol build up in arteries
High salt levels
Increases blood pressure
Arteries narrowing
Balanced Diet
Chemical Groups
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
Stored in Liver as GLYCOGEN
Proteins
Amino acids
Cannot be stored
Fats
Fatty acids / glycerol
Stored under skin / around organs
Protein Intake
Estimated avg. Daily Requirement
EAR = 0.6 x Body mass (kg)
Given in g/day
First Class proteins
Essential
Fish / meat
Second Class proteins
Plants
Non-essential
Overweight / Underweight?
BMI
BMI = mass in kg / (height in m)^2
30+ = Obese
20+ = Overweight
20-25 = Normal
<20 = Underweight
Staying Healthy
Malaria
Protozoa: Plasmodium
Feeds on red blood cells
Carried by vectors - Mosquitoes
A parasite, causes harm
Killing Mosquitoes stops spread
Cancers
Smoking increases lung cancer risk
Alcohol increases mouth/liver
UV increases skin cancer risk
Beningn
Divide slowly
Harmless e.g. warts
Malignant
Rapid division
Uncontrolled growth
Spread in body
Pathogens
Antibodies
Provided by white blood cells
Lock onto pathogen
Vaccines
Quick but short term
Inject harmless pathogen with antigens
Antigens prompt antibody production
Memory cells remain in body
Creates long-term immunity
Provides small risk to individual
Outweighed by pathogen risk
Antigens
Active area of pathogen
Gets locked on to
Antibiotics
Bacteria
Fungi
Destroy pathogen
Resistant strains
Due to excessive use
Highly dangerous
E.g. MRSA superbug
Antivirals
Viruses
Slow down pathogen development
Placebo
'imaginary' effect
Blind trial
Patient unaware
Double blind trial
Patient and doctor unaware
The Nervous System
Eyes
Pupil
Iris
Cornea
Lens
Retina
Ciliary Muscles
Control Suspensory Ligaments (Movement)
Optic Nerve
Binocular Vision of a predator (us)
Allows depth perception
"Accomodation"
Focus on near/distant objects
Faults in Vision
Long/short sight
Colourblindness
Nerve Cells
Neurones
Axon carries message
Dendrites pick up impulses
Reflex arc:
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory Neurone
Central Nervous System
Motor Neurone
Effector
Response
Synapse = Gap between neurones
Transmitter substance triggered by impulse
Transmitter Diffuses
Binds with receptor molecules
Next impulse begins
Drugs
Depressants block neurotransmitters
(Slow down responses)
Stimulants cause increase in neurotransmitters
Painkillers
Perfomance Enhancers
Hallucinogens
Smoking
Contains cilla-stopping chemicals
Cilia are tiny hairs in trachea, bronchi, bronchules
Smoker's Cough
Dust and smoke lining the trachea
Mucus not moved
Increases cancer risk
Alcohol
increases reaction times
Thus increases accident risk
1 unit = 1 hour
Liver is damaged by processing
Balance
Homeostasis
"Internal Environment"
Control of water, CO2 and temp
Works on negative feedback
Temp. Control
37'C
Optimal level for enzymes
Heat stroke
Dehydration
Low temp = Hypothermia
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
Blood Sugars
Controlled by Insulin
Diabetes
Type 1: NO INSULIN
Injections needed
Strenuous activity -> Less insulin injected
Type 2: Some insulin
Diet regulated
Insulin: Converts excess glucose into Glycogen
Controlling Plant Growth
Roots = Negatively phototropic
Positively geotropic
Stem = Positively Phototropic
Negatively Geotropic
Auxins
Plant growth hormone
Concentrate in SHADY PART
Plant grows TOWARDS LIGHT
Other Plan Hormone Uses
Weedkillers
Root growth
Delay/accelerate ripening
Control seed dormancy
Variation/Inhereitance
Dominant/reccessive
Alleles
Homozygous = Two identical alleles
Heterozygous = two different alleles
Genotype: Genetic Makeup
Phenotype: Physical appearance
Human Chromosomes
23 Pairs
Sex chromosomes = XX or XY (Or XYY)
Sperm: Either X or Y
Egg: Only X
Gametes = Sex sells
Variation causes
Gene mutation
Rearrangement of genes
Standard fertilisation
Faulty Genes
Pre-birth genetic tests
Lets us know risk of inhereitance
Caused by faulty alleles
Mostly recessive
Media attachments
26_alleles.gif (image/gif)
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