Changing the way you learn

Scientists

ALEXANDER FLEMING
1. Discovered penicilin
2. Sept 3rd 1928 - Old petri dishes, previously covered in staphyloccus bacteria as part of research
3. One dish had mould in a ring shape. The area around the ring seemed to be free of the bacteria (staphyloccus) - The mould was penicillium notatum
4. More research on this mould found that it could kill other bacteria and would not harm any small animals when given to them
LOUIS PASTEUR
1. Contributed to germ theory
2. He showed the action of microorganisms on sugar leads to fermentation
3. He was convinced that any growth (e.g. mould that appeared on food that had gone bad) were from microscopic organisms already present in the air
4. First he showed that his main rival's results were uncertain. Then he showed that when he boiled broth and then sealed it immediately, the container would stay clear, however once he added material that had been exposed to air, microorganisms grew in the broth and it turned cloudy
5. 1845-6 A mystery disease wiped out silkworms around the world, Pasteur showed that the disease was caused by microorganisms which were only found in the tissues of diseased silkworms, moths and eggs. They could be seen using a microscope
6. Three of Pasteur's daughters died of infectious diseases and he mused these diseases and worked on them to confirm that they were caused by germs (microorganisms) and he developed vaccines against a number of these diseases
JOSEPH LISTER
1. Moved to Glasgow in 1860 and became a professor of surgery
2. He read Pasteur's work and decided to experiment using one of his proposed techniques - exposing a wound to chemicals
3. Dressings soaked in carbolic acid reduced infection rate dramatically. Hand washing, sterilising instruments and spraying carbolic acid in the operating theatre limited infection
4. Good lowered infection rate, his principles were adopted throughout many countries - He is now known as the 'father of antiseptic sugery'

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