Education

Education

What is Education?
1. Different types- important to think broadly
  1. Informal
    1. outside of institutions
      1. home; community
      2. learn from grandparents; elders; specialists
  2. Non-Formal
    1. work-based
      1. apprenticeships; training; skills development
    2. Non-Government led
  3. Formal
    1. what we think of automatically
    2. schools; college; university; adult ed
2. transmission of knowledge, skills and values
  1. Participatory Mapping in the Ogiek Community, Kenya
    1. knowledge and cultural transmission
    2. intergenerational transfer
      1. elders pass on knowledge to young people
        affirmation - confirm what they know; consolidate knowledge
        young people appreciate it
      2. cooperation between ages
    3. Interactive learning
      1. primarily oral exchange
        language transfer
    4. work with traditional hunter-gatherers
      1. share knowledge
        environmental knowledge gets more and more complex
    5. Changing Traditions
      1. knowledge traditionally acquired through years of informal learning
        walk the land etc
        that kind of lifestyle is now less accessible
        spend more time at school
3. Aims and Expectations of Education
  1. Human Capital
    1. education for economic growth
    2. competitiveness abroad etc
  2. Right to education
  3. Develop capabilities
    1. Sen
  4. for Social Justice
  5. many different notions of education - learning contexts
Colonialism
1. Bayart (1993)
  1. main way of getting access to public services
  2. "assumed a decisive role"
International Education Schemes
1. Education for All
  1. Expand early childhood care and education
  2. learning needs of all should be met
  3. By 2015
    1. all children should have access to free; compulsory; good quality primary education
    2. 50% improvement in adult literacy
    3. gender equality
  4. improve quality
2. Millennium Development Goals
  1. Goal 2, Target 3 - By 2015 all children will complete a full course of primary schooling
  2. Goal 3, Target 4 - Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and in all levels by 2015
3. main focus on access
  1. but now realising importance of quality
    1. not being adequately looked at so far
  2. Increasing Access to Primary Schooling
    1. 2000 - 99.3 million children out of school
      1. 2000-2006 - fell by 24.2%
    2. 38 million children out of school in Sub-Saharan Africa
    3. sense that it's all moving in right direction; slowly
      1. not always the case if look closer
Kenya
1. Timeline
  1. Colonial Period
    1. Independence
      1. 1963 - 1980
        constructing national education system
        eradicate ignorance; poverty and disease
        develop professionals; stop relying on expatriates
        1986 - 2002
        Structural Adjustment Programmes
        education cannot be free
        cost-sharing
        Post Moi Era
        elections with a strong focus on free primary education
        MDGs; Education for All
        increased enrolments
    2. Education system imposed through colonial state
      1. method of control
        included in system because of potential of what can do with it
        taught in English/French
      2. racial segregation
      3. evangelisation
        lot of education by missionaries
        religious views taught
        gender roles enforced
        notion of what boys should learn /what girls should learn
        Boys - carpentry
        Girls - homemakers
2. Why Consistently not reaching goals?
  1. Nomadic Lifestyle
    1. Government Interventions
      1. govt set up boarding school as a transition step
      2. grants to run mobile schools
        teachers move with them
        91 of them
        more than 11 000 achievements
  2. High poverty levels
    1. have to choose between food and education
  3. Are there jobs available after education?
    1. many provide with skills for a job
    2. flexible education
      1. is the material relevant?
    3. not addressed in policies
  4. private sector = expanding; educated elite
3. Elections
  1. focus on education
    1. quality; lack of teachers; ensuring progress to secondary school
Educational Quality
1. Tikly (2004)
  1. education being pushed towards economic performance - less interest in curriculum
  2. curriculum can be vital
    1. protecting rights of marginalised
    2. assess own cultural heritage
2. Critical Approach
  1. Barrett (2007)
    1. does it empower?
    2. is there a focus on understanding processes of change?
    3. what values underpin education?
    4. are there connections to context and local realities?
    5. does it promote inequality?
    6. is there consideration of how learning impacts learners differently?

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	Created by Hannah Fillier over 11 years ago