Opthamology Test 2- 4th Year- PMU

A 60-year-old patient with myopia gives you VA of 1,0 for the left and right eye, using correction for glasses of -5,0 dpt. What correction would you prescribe for the same patient for 0,33 meters working distance? Answer: [blank_start]-3[blank_end]

A 22-year-old medical student has been reading for the ophthalmology exam 9 hours a day in 6 consecutive days. The last night before the exam he starts having complaints of blurred vision for far distance. In this case, what is the most likely diagnosis, having in mind that he hasn't ever had eye complaints until this moment? Answer: [blank_start]Accomodation Spasm[blank_end]

After the patient's lens has been removed, which of the folloWing functions of the eye would stop working?

What do you examine with the ,,illumination” method? Answer: [blank_start]?[blank_end]

Direct ophthalmoscopy is a method for examining the:

Do you need a convex lens to perform direct ophthalmoscopy?

Normal intraocular pressure ranges from 10-21 mm Hg. What is the method for investigation of the IOP called? Answer- [blank_start]Tonometry[blank_end]

Using the biomicroscope and a +78 dpt lens if needed, the ophthalmologist would be able to see following structures of the eye:

In a myopic eye the light beam focuses:

In case of cones dysfunction it is expected that that patient would have problems with:

After passing through a +4,0 dpt sph convex lens, the light waves will converge and finally focus on a distance of [blank_start]0.25[blank_end] meters after the lens

Find Answer Using Donders' formula, calculate the native VA of a patient who cannot count the number of fingers the examiner is holding up from further than 50cm away. [blank_start]Answer[blank_end]:

Name the structures of the eye which lead to convergence of the passing light waves which should finally focus on the retina. Ans: [blank_start]Lens[blank_end] and [blank_start]Cornea[blank_end] Which one of them most often has abnormal structure in case of astigmatism? Ans: [blank_start]Cornea[blank_end]

How many dpt is expected to be the power of accommodation of a 90-year-old person? Answer: [blank_start]0[blank_end]

A 70-year-old woman with a cataract at incipient stage is able to read books and newspapers(from a distance of 35 cm) without any problems. If you examine her using Snellen's chart, which native VA should she not be able to gain? (More than 1 correct answer is possible)

Patient with high hyperopia uses +5.0 dpt spectacles. What should be the right correction, prescribed for contact lenses for the same patient? Explain why.

There are 2 types of neuroreceptor cells in the retina, and they are responsible for the transformation of light energy into nerve impulse. The visual pigments play a main role in this process. These pigments are [blank_start]rhodopsin[blank_end] for the rod cells and [blank_start]iodopsin[blank_end] for the cones.

The normal human eye is able to distinguish the 3 primary colours. Such a condition is called [blank_start]Trichromacy[blank_end] If the eye has perception for the 3 primary colours but in weaker extent or if the eye makes mistakes with thes 3 colours (under certain conditions, we say that such a patient has a condition called [blank_start]Anomalous Trichromacy[blank_end] , which condition is divided into: 1. [blank_start]Protanomaly[blank_end]- when making mistakes with [blank_start]Red[blank_end] colour 2. [blank_start]Deuteranomaly[blank_end] - when making mistakes with [blank_start]Green[blank_end] colour 3. [blank_start]Tritanomaly[blank_end] - when making mistakes with [blank_start]Blue[blank_end] colour

Arrange the different types of beams in the cells according to their wavelength: 1. [blank_start]y (gamma) rays[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]X-rays[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]UV light[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Visible light[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Infrared rays[blank_end] 6. [blank_start]Radio waves[blank_end] 7. [blank_start]Alternative current[blank_end]

S. F. is medical student and she prepares herself regularly for the ophthalmology practicles. A friend of hers has called her and told her that he has suffered head trauma a day ago. Few hours later he has started having complaints of ”double vision" when looking downwards. Looking in the other directions - he hasn’t had complaints. She has made the right diagnosis immediately because she is aware of anatomy and physiology of the eye. If you are aware of them, make the right diagnosis and explain why have you chosen this diagnosis and why the other 5 diagnosis are not possible. (For the answers which contain name of extraocular muscles - circle the number of the cranial nerve which is responsible for the innervation of the certain muscle) 1) dysfunction of m. rectus lat. due to paresis/palsy of [blank_start]VI[blank_end] CN -> [blank_start]No[blank_end] because it innervates the Lateral Rectus 2) partial atrophy of superior 1/2 of the optic nerve -> [blank_start]No[blank_end] because you'd expect blindness 3) partial atrophy of inferior 1/2 of the optic nerve -> [blank_start]No[blank_end], because you'd expect some blindness 4) dysfunction of m. rectus inf. due to paresis/palsy of [blank_start]III[blank_end] CN -> [blank_start]No[blank_end] because it innervates the inferior rectus 5) dysfunction of m. obliquus sup. due to paresis/palsy of [blank_start]IV[blank_end] CN -> [blank_start]Yes[blank_end] because it only innervates this muscle 6) dysfunction of‘rm. obliquus inf due to paresis/palsy [blank_start]III[blank_end] CN -> [blank_start]No[blank_end] because you'd expect other muscles the III CN to be affected as well

Knowing the six extraocular muscles for each eye, write down which muscle is able to perform the following movements of the eyeball (in case of normal motility): Elevation, internal rotation and adduction - m. [blank_start]superior[blank_end] rectus Elevation, external rotation and abduction - m. [blank_start]inferior[blank_end] oblique Depression, external rotation and adduction - m. [blank_start]inferior[blank_end] rectus Depression, internal rotation and abduction - m. [blank_start]superior[blank_end] oblique

The cornea is part of the [blank_start]outer[blank_end] coat of the eye. The normal cornea is transparent: 1) in its superior 2/3 2) in its inferior 2/3 3) in its central 1/3 4) in its entire surface Ans: [blank_start]4[blank_end] Cornea and lens have characteristics of a convex lens. In a emetropic eye, the refractive power of the cornea is: 1) more than the lens' one 2) less than the lens' one 3) the same as the lens’ one 4) depending on the act of accommodation Ans: [blank_start]1[blank_end]

The lens is part of the [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] segment of the eye. The lens consist mostly of: 1) Proteins 2) Carbohydrates 3) Lipids 4) Vitamins Ans: [blank_start]1[blank_end] The lens: 1) has both innervation and blood supply 2) has blood supply but doesn’t have innervation 3) has innervation but doesn’t have blood supply 4) has neither innervation nor blood supply Ans: [blank_start]4[blank_end]

The retina is part of the [blank_start]inner[blank_end] coat of the eye. Normally the retina: 1) has grayish-white colour 2) has brown colour 3) has orange colour 4) is transparent and doesn’t have colour Ans: [blank_start]4[blank_end]

Write down the neurons of the visual pathway which are entirely or partially situated in the retina: 1) [blank_start]Photoreceptors[blank_end] 2) [blank_start]Bipolar[blank_end] neurons 3) [blank_start]Ganglion[blank_end] cells 4) [blank_start]Optic[blank_end] nerve 5) [blank_start]Lateral Geniculate[blank_end] body

Using numbers or arrows, connect the two columns which show the different types of astigmatism and their characteristics: 1. straight 2. reverse (opposite) 3. oblique 4. simple 5. compound 6. mixed 7. regular 8. irregular one of the principal meridians is emmetropic while the other is ametropic [blank_start]4[blank_end] principal meridians are 90° and 180° and the 90° meridian refracts stronger [blank_start]1[blank_end] principal meridians are 90° and 180° and the 180° meridian refracts stronger [blank_start]2[blank_end] the two principal meridians are ametropic but they are either both (+) or both (-) [blank_start]5[blank_end] the two principal meridians are ametropic and one of them is (+) while the other is (-) [blank_start]6[blank_end] principal meridians are not 90° and 180° (for example 75° and 165°) [blank_start]3[blank_end] principal meridians are perpendicular [blank_start]7[blank_end] principal meridians are not perpendicular [blank_start]8[blank_end]

The following 7 (number) bones take part in the formation of the orbital walls: 1) [blank_start]Ethmoid[blank_end] 2) [blank_start]Frontal[blank_end] 3) [blank_start]Lacrimal[blank_end] 4) [blank_start]Maxilla[blank_end] 5) [blank_start]Palatine[blank_end] 6) [blank_start]Sphenoid[blank_end] 7) [blank_start]Zygomatic[blank_end]