Question 1
Question
Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes; roots in many disciplines and countries; growing and globalizing.
Question 2
Question
What is the difference between "Nature vs. Nurture"?
Answer
-
NATURE is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.
-
NURTURE is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception.
-
NURTURE is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.
-
NATURE is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception.
-
There is no difference between the two.
Question 3
Question
Nurture works. . .
Question 4
Question
Biological influences involve genetic predispositions, genetic mutations, natural selection of adaptive traits and behaviors, and genes responding to the environment.
Question 5
Question
Psychological influences do NOT involve learned fears, learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing, and perceptual interpretations.
Question 6
Question
What are social-cultural influences?
Answer
-
presence of others, cultural societal, and family expectations, peer and other group influences, compelling models
-
genetic predispositions, genetic mutations, natural selection of adaptive traits and behaviors, genes responding to the environment
-
learned fears, learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing, and perceptual interpretations
Question 7
Question
What are the three Levels of Analysis? (The Biopsychosocial Approach)
Answer
-
Environmental Influence, Social Influence, Cultural Influence
-
Biological Influence, Psychological Influence, Social-Cultural Influence
-
Biological Influence, Psychological Influence, Familial Influence
Question 8
Question
What are the three subfields of psychology?
Answer
-
counseling, clinical, psychiatrist
-
counseling, psychiatrist, operational
-
psychiatrist, psychologist, operational
Question 9
Question
What are the correct definitions of counseling, clinical, and psychiatric psychologists?
Answer
-
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY studies, assesses, but does not treat people with psychological disorders.
-
COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY is a branch that assists people with problems in living (school, work, marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
-
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
-
PSYCHIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of medicine that deals primarily with behavioral disorders; and is not typically practiced by licensed physicians.
-
PSYCHIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy.
-
COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY is a branch that assists people with medical problems in living (physical trauma, post amputation, etc.) and in achieving greater quality of life.
Question 10
Question
[blank_start]Basic Research[blank_end] is pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
Question 11
Question
[blank_start]Applied Research[blank_end] is scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
Question 12
Question
Critical thinking examines theories, rewrites the theories, uses personal opinions, and evaluates evidence solely off of the opinions formed by the examining scientist.
Question 13
Question
Which of the following is the correct way to conduct The Scientific Method (the method used by psychologists to conduct research)?
Answer
-
iterate, test, make an observation, form a hypothesis, ask a question, make a prediction
-
make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, make a prediction, test, iterate
-
ask a question, form a hypothesis, make an observation, test, make a prediction, iterate
Question 14
Question
A [blank_start]theory[blank_end] is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. A [blank_start]hypothesis[blank_end] is a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Question 15
Question
A [blank_start]case study[blank_end] suggests fruitful ideas for future research, no generalizations, or universal truths. A [blank_start]survey[blank_end] is a self-reported data tool used to study participants and gather information about individuals. [blank_start]Natural observation[blank_end] often involves new technology, does not control all factors, and describes and sometimes illuminates, but does not explain behavior.
Answer
-
case study
-
survey
-
Naturalistic observation
Question 16
Question
What is a positive correlation? A negative correlation?
Question 17
Question
Description includes surveys and interviews; it is the best basis for generalizing because it forms a representative sample.
Question 18
Question
Correlations are a measure of the differences in physical appearance of two factors, and are used to determine whether or not these two factors are the same materials.
Question 19
Question
Correlation proves causation.
Question 20
Question
Experiments are meant for researchers to test a bunch of variables all at once to see what happens to them, variables are swapped and changed whenever it is necessary to the experiment.
Question 21
Question
Behavioral Science is defined as. . .
Answer
-
. . .an emphasis on human growth, and potential. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the need for love, acceptance, and an environment that nurtures or limits growth.
-
. . .behavior scientifically defined, conditioned, observed, and measured. It was founded by Watson and Rayner, who championed the scientific study of behavior with their "Little Albert" experiment; fear can be learned.
Question 22
Question
Humanistic Perspective is defined as. . .
Answer
-
. . .behavior scientifically defined, conditioned, observed, and measured. It was founded by Watson and Rayner, who championed the scientific study of behavior with their "Little Albert" experiment; fear can be learned.
-
. . .an emphasis on human growth, and potential. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the need for love, acceptance, and an environment that nurtures or limits growth.
Question 23
Question
[blank_start]SQ3R[blank_end] is a study method that uses the technique of survey, question, read, retrieve, review.
Question 24
Question
Define learning.
Answer
-
The process of acquiring through experience.
-
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
-
The processing of acquiring motor and neurological skills.
Question 25
Question
[blank_start]Classical Conditioning[blank_end] is a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events, founded by [blank_start]Ivan Pavlov[blank_end].
Answer
-
Classical Conditioning
-
Ivan Pavlov
Question 26
Question
[blank_start]Operant Conditioning[blank_end] is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher, associated with [blank_start]B.F. Skinner[blank_end].
Answer
-
Operant Conditioning
-
B.F. Skinner
Question 27
Question
[blank_start]Observational Learning[blank_end] is when higher animals, especially humans, learn without direct experience by watching and imitating others, associated with [blank_start]Albert Bandura[blank_end] and his [blank_start]bobo doll[blank_end] experiment.
Answer
-
Observational Learning
-
Albert Bandura
-
bobo doll
Question 28
Question
We learn by replication.
Question 29
Question
What is a Skinner Box?
Answer
-
An operant chamber for experiments that includes a bar that an animal presses to release a reward of food or water, as well as a device that records these responses.
-
An observational chamber for experiments that includes several dogs connected to saliva measuring devices. As a stimulant is presented, the dog begins to salivate in anticipation.
-
A small room that children are placed in after viewing an adult acting violently with a bobo doll. Once alone, the children will normally begin to mirror the adults actions, violently kicking and insulting the doll.
Question 30
Question
[blank_start]Mirror Neurons[blank_end] are frontal lobe neurons that scientists believe fire when a person performs certain actions or observes another person doing so; they provide a neural basis for everyday imitation and observational learning.
Answer
-
Mirror Neurons
-
Observational Neurons
-
Stagnant Neurons
-
Modeling Neurons
Question 31
Question
Modeling is the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
Question 32
Question
If prosocial modeling can have prosocial effects, antisocial modeling can have antisocial effects. What are examples of prosocial and antisocial modeling?
Answer
-
A child learns empathy by watching a children's show.
-
A woman's shoe breaks, and now she brings a second pair of shoes everywhere she goes.
-
A dog runs into a glass door, and becomes wary of it being closed.
-
Abusive parents may have aggressive children.
-
An employee learns sales skills by copying their boss.
-
Watching violence may foster indifference in younger viewers.
-
Someone mugs a man in a dark alley, and now he avoids them.
-
A child receives a candy bar for doing a good deed, so they repeat the good deeds in the hope of getting more.
Question 33
Question
[blank_start]Punishment[blank_end] administers an undesirable consequence or withdraws something desirable to decrease the frequency of a behavior. A [blank_start]positive punishment[blank_end] affects behavior by presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making that behavior less likely to happen in the future. A [blank_start]negative punishment[blank_end], removing a desired stimulus after a particular undesired behaviors is exhibited results in reducing that behavior in the future.
Answer
-
Punishment
-
positive punishment
-
negative punishment
Question 34
Question
[blank_start]Acquisition[blank_end] is the initial stage when one links a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
Answer
-
Acquisition
-
Extinction
-
Spontaneous Recovery
-
Generalization
-
Discrimination
Question 35
Question
[blank_start]Extinction[blank_end] is the diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus.
Question 36
Question
What is a reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response?
Answer
-
acquisition
-
extinction
-
spontaneous recovery
-
generalization
-
discrimination
Question 37
Question
Generalization is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the unconditioned stimulus) and other irrelevant stimuli.
Question 38
Question
Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the unconditioned stimulus) and other irrelevant stimuli.
Question 39
Question
A dog barked and then bit a child's leg. The child was very scared. When this child hears a dog bark again, they tremble with fear.
What is the neutral stimulus?
Answer
-
a dog barked
-
and then bit a child's leg
-
the child was very scared
-
when the child hears a dog bark again
-
they tremble with fear
Question 40
Question
A dog barked and then bit a child's leg. The child was very scared. When this child hears a dog bark again, they tremble with fear.
What is the unconditioned stimulus?
Answer
-
a dog barked
-
and then bit a child's leg
-
the child was very scared
-
when this child hears a dog bark again
-
they tremble with fear
Question 41
Question
A dog barked and then bit a child's leg. The child was very scared. When this child hears a dog bark again, they tremble with fear.
What is the unconditioned response?
Answer
-
a dog barked
-
and then bit a child's leg
-
the child was very scared
-
when this child hears a dog bark again
-
they tremble with fear
Question 42
Question
A dog barked and then bit a child's leg. The child was very scared. When this child hears a dog bark again, they tremble with fear.
What is the conditioned stimulus?
Answer
-
a dog barked
-
and then bit a child's leg
-
the child was very scared
-
when this child hears a dog bark again
-
they tremble with fear
Question 43
Question
A dog barked and then bit a child's leg. The child was very scared. When this child hears a dog bark again, they tremble with fear.
What is the conditioned response?
Answer
-
a dog barked
-
and then bit a child's leg
-
the child was very scared
-
when this child hears a dog bark again
-
they tremble with fear