Question 1
Question
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of water in the nephron via which process?
Answer
-
Synthesis of glucose channels
-
Increasing the flow of filtrate
-
Upregulation of epithelial sodium channels
-
Excretion of water
Question 2
Question
Which of the following produce antibodies
Answer
-
Erythrocytes
-
T lymphocytes
-
B lymphocytes
-
Thrombocytes
Question 3
Question
which of the following provides the correct definition of cor pulmonale
Answer
-
abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of diesease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels
-
abnormal enlaregemnt of the left side of the heart as a resukt of disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels
-
abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a resukt of an increase in systemic afterload
-
abnormal enlargement of the left side of the heart as a result of an increase in right sided afterload
Question 4
Question
During myocyte depolarisation this outside of the cell become:
Answer
-
positive
-
negative
-
stays the same
-
become hyperpolerized
Question 5
Question
What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump?
Question 6
Question
which of the following is true?
Answer
-
In systolic heart failure the heart’s ejection fraction increases
-
In systolic heart failure the heart’s ejection fraction stays the same
-
In systolic heart failure the heart’s ejection fraction decreases
-
In diastolic heart failure the ejection fraction increases
Question 7
Question
During myocardial diastole the sodium / potassium pump:
Answer
-
Pumps out 3 sodium ion and pump in 2 potassium ions
-
Pumps out 6 sodium ions and pumps in 4 potassium ions
-
Pumps in 3 sodium ions and pumps out 2 potassium ions
-
Pumps in 6 sodium ions and pumps out 4 potassium ions
Question 8
Question
Which of the following types of emphysema is most commonly associated with smoking and chronic bronchitis
Answer
-
Paraseptal
-
Panacinar
-
Centriacinar
-
Irregular
Question 9
Answer
-
is composed of four identical subunits
-
has iron at the centre of haem groups which must be in the ferrous form to bind O2
-
binding of oxygen is reduced in the presence of high Pco2 because CO2 and O2 compete for the same binding sites on haemoglobin
-
variants (such as fetal haemoglobin) often differ from normal adult haemoglobin in the precise structure of the haem group.
Question 10
Question
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system?
Answer
-
Acetylcholine
-
Norepinephrine
-
Vasopressin
-
Enoximone
Question 11
Question
The alveolar pores that enable collateral ventilation are called:
Answer
-
Pores of Oddi
-
Pores of Kohn
-
Pores of Dalton
-
Pores of Boyles
Question 12
Question
Peripheral chemoreceptors are highly responsive to:
Answer
-
Dysponea
-
Coughing
-
Hypoxemia
-
Breath holding
Question 13
Question
Aspirin is given in the treatment of myocardial infarction in order to prevent platelet aggregation. Which of the following effects means it is useful in this situation?
Question 14
Question
During myocyte (heart cell) depolarisation, the inside of the cell becomes momentarily:
Answer
-
positive
-
negative
-
electrically neutral
-
unchanged
Question 15
Question
The Law stating that the more the ventricle is filled with blood during diastole (end-diastolic volume), the greater the volume of ejected blood will be during the resulting systolic contraction (stroke volume) is the:
Answer
-
Frank-Starling’s Law
-
Cushing’s Law
-
Virchow’s triad Law
-
Best-Banting Law
Question 16
Question
The anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates results in the production of:
Answer
-
Citric acids
-
keto acids
-
lactic acid
-
hydrochloric acid
Question 17
Question
Flattened T waves on an ECG can signify:
Answer
-
1st Degree heart block
-
Hyperkaleamia
-
Hypokaleamia
-
Atrial fibrillation
Question 18
Question
The diuretic Spironolactone interferes with the action of which endogenous hormone?
Question 19
Question
During acidosis the pH scale moves
Answer
-
up
-
down
-
stays the same
-
moves to one
Question 20
Question
A disease caused by the demyelination of the oligodendrocytes
Question 21
Question
Intra-plural pressure is:
Question 22
Question
Concerning fats, when triglyceride molecules contain only single carbon bonds (c-c-c) these are referred to as:
Answer
-
Poly unsaturated fats
-
saturated fats
-
Hyper-carbonated fats
-
Mono unsaturated
Question 23
Question
With a nasal cannula in-situ @ 2L O2 what % increase in FiO2 will there be
Question 24
Question
Which of the following is a restrictive lung disease:
Answer
-
Asthma
-
Pneumoconiosis
-
Emphysema
-
Chronic bronchitis
Question 25
Question
Heart failure results in which of the following type of hypoxia
Answer
-
Anaemic hypoxia
-
Histo-toxic
-
Hypoxic
-
Stagnant
Question 26
Question
Type II pneumocytes in the lung are the major source of
Answer
-
IgG
-
cytokines
-
oxygen
-
surfactant proteins (SP)
Question 27
Question
A reduction in lung compliance would lead to a
Question 28
Question
Which lung volume would (usually) be reduced in restrictive lung disease
Answer
-
Inspiratory reserve volume
-
Function residual capacity
-
Residual volume reserve
-
Expiratory reserve volume
Question 29
Question
If the fraction of an inspired gas was .35 what would its partial pressure be at 1ATM
Answer
-
210mmHg
-
160mmHg
-
350mmHg
-
266mmHg
Question 30
Question
E = P + pgh + ½ PV2 which, if we remove gravity, reads as E = P + ½ PV2. Or, more simply, the faster the flow, the lower the pressure is which theorem
Answer
-
Venturi’s
-
Dalton’s
-
Bernoulli’s
-
Charles’s
Question 31
Question
Hypocalcaemia caused by hyperventilation results in which of the following signs
Answer
-
Dahl’s sign
-
Palmar erythema
-
Trousseau sign
-
Schamroth's sign
Question 32
Question
Replacing inspired air with a gas mixture that contains 60% oxygen
Answer
-
causes a large increase in oxygen content with little increase in oxygen saturation in a healthy person at high altitude
-
causes a large increase in arterial PaO2 and a small increase in oxygen content in a healthy person at sea level
-
would greatly enhance the exercise tolerance of a patient COPD
-
would greatly reduce the oxygen delivery problems of a patient in circulatory shock
Question 33
Question
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by
Answer
-
Adrenal glands
-
Kidneys
-
Pineal gland
-
Hypothalamus
Question 34
Question
Macula densa cells help regulate blood pressure by detecting changes to
Answer
-
Sodium
-
Potassium
-
oxygen
-
calcium
Question 35
Question
Which of the following anatomical portion of a nephron connects the Bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle?
Question 36
Question
The gene responsible for causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy is found on
Question 37
Question
Which of the following is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system
Answer
-
Adrenaline
-
Acetylcholine
-
Dopamine
-
Serotonin
Question 38
Question
Which of the following heart layers secretes pericardial fluid?
Answer
-
Myocardium
-
Endocardium
-
Serous pericardium
-
Fibbrous pericardium
Question 39
Question
The Haldane effect states that
Answer
-
for any given Pco2 less CO2 is carried by oxygenated blood
-
an increase in Pco2 shifts the O2 dissociation curve to the left
-
an increase in Pco2 reduces the amount of haemoglobin in the red cell.
-
for any given Pco2 more CO2 is carried by oxygenated blood
Question 40
Question
Ventilation is NOT increased by
Question 41
Question
The amount of a gas dissolved in a solution as a result of partial pressure is which of the following gas laws
Answer
-
dalton
-
henrys
-
charles
-
boyles
Question 42
Question
How is the ejection fraction worked-out
Answer
-
SV/EDV x 100
-
EDVEDV/SV x 100
-
RVEDV x EDV x 100
-
EDV/100 x 60
Question 43
Question
The layer of blood close to the walls of lung capillaries is known as the
Answer
-
RBC layer
-
Tissue barrier layer
-
Alveolar fluid layer
-
plasma layer
Question 44
Question
A pulmonary embolism would result in
Question 45
Question
The rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight - is a definition of which of the following gas laws
Answer
-
ficks law
-
daltons law
-
grahams law
-
chales law
Question 46
Question
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the:
Answer
-
lungs
-
nephron
-
pancreas
-
bowman's capsule
Question 47
Question
Hydrostatic pressure at the venule end of a capillary is usually (approximately)
Answer
-
25mmHg (3.3kPa)
-
32mmHhg (4.2kPa)
-
80mmHg (10.6kPa)
-
12mmhg (1.6Pa)
Question 48
Question
A symptom seen in the patient with Keto-acidosis
Answer
-
Bradycardia
-
Keto-alkalosis
-
kussmaul respiration
-
Bradyapnoea
Question 49
Question
During DKA sodium bicarbonate levels are:
Answer
-
raised
-
lowered
-
absent
-
normal
Question 50
Question
Which of the following will increase the stroke volume:
Answer
-
Decreased venous return
-
Increased afterload
-
Decreased preload
-
Increased venous return
Question 51
Question
The renal system does not play a direct role in regulating which of the following
Question 52
Question
Angiotensin II exerts its action by binding to various receptors throughout the body. In response to angiotensin II, the adrenal cortex is stimulated to release
Answer
-
Adrenaline
-
Angiotensin I
-
Angiotensin ll
-
Aldosterone
Question 53
Question
Most of the glucose that is filtered through the glomerulus undergoes reabsorption in the
Question 54
Question
Which is not a function of angiotensin ll
Question 55
Question
Which is not a sign of renal cell carcinoma
Answer
-
Flank pain
-
Flank mass
-
Heamaturia
-
Cullen's sign
Question 56
Question
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of water in the nephron via which process
Answer
-
Synthesis of glucose channels
-
Increasing the flow of filtrate
-
Excretion of water
-
Upregulation of epithelial sodium channels
Question 57
Question
The majority of carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported
Question 58
Question
Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is
Question 59
Question
4)The first stage of the RAAS is the release of angiotensinogen, which is produced (primarily)
Answer
-
Carotid arch
-
Brain
-
Lungs
-
Liver
Question 60
Question
Insufficiency of ADH is a condition called
Answer
-
Addison's disease
-
Renal disease
-
Cushing's disease
-
Diabetes insipidus
Question 61
Question
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by
Answer
-
Kidneys
-
Adrenal glands
-
Hypothalamus
-
Pineal gland
Question 62
Question
In the adult the majority
Answer
-
Basophils
-
Eosinophils
-
Lymphocytes
-
Neutrophils
Question 63
Question
Macula densa cells are chemoreceptors found in the
Answer
-
Distal tubule
-
Proximal tubule
-
Descending loop of Henle
-
Ascending loop of Henle
Question 64
Question
The amount of air that is moved in and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing is
Question 65
Question
increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide favours oxygen dissociation from
oxyHb. The effect is known as
Answer
-
The Nernst effect
-
The Bohr effect
-
Henderson effect
-
Dalton effect
Question 66
Question
The Hering-Breuer reflex
Answer
-
Inhibits expiration
-
prolongs inspiration time
-
Shortens inspiration time
-
Is initiated by expiration
Question 67
Question
Which definition best suits the term 'inflammation' in relation to asthma
Answer
-
Inflammation is caused by infectious agents in asthma, and is mediated by antiproteases
-
Inflammation is associated with airway remodelling in asthma. Inflammation is triggered by a stimulus, and causes epithelial injury, among other things
-
Mast cells can help to reduce inflammation by releasing histamine and preventing further lung damage
-
Inflammation is caused by airway remodelling in asthma.
Question 68
Question
Interstitial fluid enters capillaries at the venular end through the action of
Answer
-
Negative pressure
-
Colloid osmotic pressure
-
Active transport
-
Capillary co-transport
Question 69
Question
What are the classic signs of a cardiac tamponade
Answer
-
Tachycardia, dyspnoea, fever
-
Bradycardia, arm weakness, diaphoresis
-
Hypertension, palpitations, chest pain
-
Hypotension, increased jugular venous distention, muffled heart sounds
Question 70
Question
The term 'ectopic pacemaker' (or ectopic focus)
Answer
-
An ectopic arrythmia due to hyponatraemia
-
Any cardiac dysrhythmia
-
A shift of the pacemaker function of the SA node to another part of the heart
-
An arrythmia due to hyper
Question 71
Question
In cor pulmonale the
Answer
-
the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases
-
the mean arterial pressure decreases
-
the mean pulmo
-
the mean pulmonary arterial pressure is 10mmhg
Question 72
Question
a person who smoked 20 cigarettes a day for 30 years has a pack years of
Question 73
Question
which of the following types of emphysema is most commonly asscoiated with smoking and chronic bronchitis
Answer
-
paraseptal
-
panacinar
-
centaicinar
-
irregular
Question 74
Question
a patients blood gas analysis shows that both their Paco2 and bicarbnate concentration are increased above normal by 25% what does this mean ?
Answer
-
They are excercising and so producing more CO2
-
The arterial Ph is unchanged
-
They are likely to have renal damage
-
They are likely to be polycythaemic
Question 75
Question
Which of the following is not normally associated with chironic bronchitis
Question 76
Question
Urine is formed in a three step process, which of the follwoing gives the correct order in which these steps take place in the nephron
Answer
-
Tubular secretion, tubular re-absorption, glomerular filtration
-
Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, glomerular filtration
-
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
-
glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption
Question 77
Question
Which of the following is least likely to be present in the gfiltrate, (the filtrate produced by the nephron before it enters the loop of henle) of a healthy adult nnephron
Question 78
Question
Which of the following is not a function of aldosterone
Answer
-
Stimulates the secretion of K+ into the tubular lumen
-
Stimulates Na+ and water reabsorption
-
Upregulates epithelial sodium channels
-
Causes vasodilation
Question 79
Question
Which of the following produces surfactant
Answer
-
Type 1 pneumocytes
-
Type 2 pneumocytes
-
Oligodendrocytes
-
Schwann cells
Question 80
Question
Which of the following is NOT a restrictive lung disease
Answer
-
pneumoconiosis
-
Silcosis
-
Tuberculosis
-
Asthma
Question 81
Question
The enzyme that assists rapid inter conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid is
Answer
-
Amylase
-
Lipase
-
Trypsin
-
Carbonic anhydrase
Question 82
Question
The (normal) intra-venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide is
Answer
-
40 mmHg
-
55mmHg
-
46mmHg
-
35mmHg
Question 83
Question
Which of the following is NOT found in the service side of type 1 pneumocytes
Answer
-
nerve endings
-
macrophages
-
Collagen
-
Surfactant
Question 84
Question
Within the cerebral spinal space and the CSF what regulates ventilation
Answer
-
carbon dioxide
-
carbonic anhydrase
-
Hydrogen ions
-
carbonic acid
Question 85
Question
Carbon dioxide is how many times more soluble than oxygen
Answer
-
10 times
-
20 times
-
100 times
-
40 times
Question 86
Question
With a nasal cannula, we assume that the fraction of O2 that is inspired (above the normal atmospheric level) increases by how much for every additional litre of oxygen flow administered
Answer
-
10 percentage points
-
100 percentage points
-
4 percentage points
-
21 percentage points
Question 87
Question
Which of the following does NOT contribute to maintaining osmotic pressure
Answer
-
Sodium
-
Glucose
-
Albumin
-
Calcium
Question 88
Question
A respiratory acidosis moves the O2 curve and the PH respectfully
Answer
-
Right/down
-
Left/up
-
Right/up
-
left/down
Question 89
Question
the protein whose production gets affected in Duchenne muscukar dystrophy is
Answer
-
actin
-
myotropin
-
dystropin
-
leucovorin
Question 90
Question
Duchenne muscular dystrophy can be cured with
Question 91
Question
The involvement of this muscle affects the breathing in duchenne muscular dystrophy
Answer
-
triceps
-
biceps
-
diaphragm
-
quadriceps
Question 92
Question
Which of the following represents one of the most recent developments in the treatment of MD
Question 93
Question
SLUDGE syndrome stands for which of the following
Answer
-
Salvation, lacrimation, urination, defacation, gastrointestinal symptoms and emesis
-
sodium retention, lactic acidosis, urine retention, deafness, gastrointestinal bleeding and episodes of dizzines
-
Scoliosis, limited movement, urinary failure, decay, gastrointestinal ulceration, and epilepsy
-
sepsis, lymphedema, ulceration, diabetes, genital warts and Ecoli infection
Question 94
Question
Which portion of the heart is the base and which sis the apex
Answer
-
Two thirds apex and one third base
-
one third base, two thirds apex
-
one half base, one half apex
-
three quaters base and one quater apex
Question 95
Question
Which of the following factors increase cardiac output
Question 96
Question
Where is the stethoscope (best) placed to auscultate the mitral valve
Answer
-
5th intercostal space at sternum
-
5th intercostal space inferior to left nipple
-
2nd intercostal space left of sternum
-
2nd intercostal space right of sternum
Question 97
Question
On the ECG the short flat segment between the S and T waves represents the refractory state of the
Answer
-
Atrial myocardium
-
AV node
-
SA node
-
Ventricular myocardium
Question 98
Question
Considering cardiac tamponade - the heart is covered by
Answer
-
pericardium
-
endocardium
-
epicardium
-
supracradium
Question 99
Question
Which of the following is isotonic
Answer
-
0.9% saline
-
water
-
5% dextrose
-
Lucozade
Question 100
Question
Fenestrated capillaries are found in the
Answer
-
muscles
-
adipose tissue
-
central nervous system
-
intestines
Question 101
Question
Which of the following would be the best initial management of an acute cardiac tamponade
Question 102
Question
which of the following is not a structure of the respiratory system
Answer
-
pharynx
-
larynx
-
bronchus
-
hyoid
Question 103
Question
the roof of the nasal cavity is formed primarily by the
Answer
-
cribriform plate
-
hard palate
-
superior concha
-
sphenoid
Question 104
Question
in the blood most of the carbon doixide is transported as
Answer
-
carboxyhaemoglobin
-
dissolved carbon dioxide
-
as free hydrogen
-
as bicarbonate
Question 105
Question
peripheral chemoreceptors are located in
Answer
-
lung tissue
-
pons and medulla
-
aortic & carotid bodies
-
renal arch
Question 106
Question
Factors determining the extent to which oxygen will combine with haemoglobin include
Answer
-
partial pressure oxygen
-
blood temperature
-
blood PH
-
all of the above
Question 107
Question
expectorate in uncomplicated asthma has a high level of
Answer
-
neutrophils
-
eosinophils
-
red blood cells
-
IgD
Question 108
Question
Which of the following is not a classic clinical characteristic of asthma
Answer
-
dyspnoea
-
wheeze
-
cough
-
Increased FEV1
Question 109
Question
In the adult the majority of leukocytes are
Answer
-
basophils
-
eosinophils
-
lymphocytes
-
neutrophils