B3.1 - Everything in the Specification

What are the two ways in which dissolved substances move?

What is the reason for water moving in or out of a cell via osmosis?

What are the things that most soft drinks contain?

Water and ions in sports drinks [blank_start]replace[blank_end] the [blank_start]water and ions[blank_end] [blank_start]lost[blank_end] during [blank_start]sweating[blank_end].

Sugars in sports drinks replace [blank_start]sugars[blank_end] used in [blank_start]energy release[blank_end] during [blank_start]exercise[blank_end].

If water and ions are not replaced, the ion/water balance is disturbed and the cells of the body stop working entirely.

The surface area of the lungs is increased by

The surface area of the small intestine is increased by

The villi provide a [blank_start]large surface area[blank_end] with an [blank_start]extensive network of capillaries[blank_end] to absorb the [blank_start]products of digestion[blank_end] by diffusion and active transport.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT - The movement of [blank_start]substances[blank_end] through a [blank_start]partially-permeable membrane[blank_end] against a [blank_start]concentration gradient.[blank_end] This process requires the use of [blank_start]energy[blank_end] from [blank_start]respiration[blank_end], and enables [blank_start]cells[blank_end] to absorb [blank_start]ions[blank_end] from very [blank_start]dilute[blank_end] solutions.

OSMOSIS - The [blank_start]diffusion[blank_end] of [blank_start]water[blank_end] from a [blank_start]dilute[blank_end] to a more [blank_start]concentrated[blank_end] solution through a [blank_start]partially-permeable membrane[blank_end] that allows the passage of [blank_start]water molecules[blank_end].

The ___________ the organism, the more __________ exchanging materials becomes

Oxygen diffuses from the air into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide does the reverse.

To make air move into the [blank_start]lungs[blank_end], the [blank_start]rib cage[blank_end] moves out and up and the [blank_start]diaphragm[blank_end] becomes [blank_start]flatter[blank_end]. These changes are reversed to make air move out of the [blank_start]lungs[blank_end]. The movement of [blank_start]air[blank_end] into and out of the lungs is known as [blank_start]ventilation[blank_end].

The lungs are located in the __________ of the body, are separated from the ____________ by the _____________, and are protected by the __________.

As you breathe [blank_start]in[blank_end], the [blank_start]diaphragm[blank_end] [blank_start]contracts[blank_end] and becomes [blank_start]flatter[blank_end], and the [blank_start]intercostal muscles[blank_end] [blank_start]contract[blank_end], expanding the [blank_start]rib cage[blank_end] . This [blank_start]increases[blank_end] the volume of the [blank_start]thorax[blank_end], which causes the [blank_start]pressure in[blank_end] the lungs to [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] and allows air to be easily drawn in). When breathing [blank_start]out[blank_end], the [blank_start]intercostal muscles[blank_end] [blank_start]relax[blank_end], contracting the [blank_start]rib cage[blank_end], and the [blank_start]diaphragm[blank_end] also [blank_start]relaxes[blank_end] and moves [blank_start]up[blank_end], increasing the [blank_start]pressure in[blank_end] the lungs and expelling the air.

Oxygen enters leaves by diffusion.

Mineral ions and water are absorbed by the roots.

The surface area of the roots is increased by___________ and the surface area of the leaves is increased by the ___________ shape and internal ____________.

What is the purpose of the stomata in a plant?

Plants mainly lose water from the stomata in their leaves.

What is the purpose of the stomata closing?

The size of the [blank_start]stomata[blank_end] is controlled by [blank_start]guard cells[blank_end] which surround them.

The effectiveness of an exchange surface area is increased by: Having a large [blank_start]surface area[blank_end] Being [blank_start]thin[blank_end] Having an [blank_start]efficient blood supply[blank_end] Having a good [blank_start]ventilation[blank_end] system

The rate of [blank_start]evaporation[blank_end] is [blank_start]increased[blank_end] when the conditions are [blank_start]hot[blank_end], [blank_start]dry[blank_end] and [blank_start]windy.[blank_end]