Developmental Quiz

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Quiz on Developmental Quiz, created by Benjamin Maier on 15/05/2017.
Benjamin Maier
Quiz by Benjamin Maier, updated more than 1 year ago
Benjamin Maier
Created by Benjamin Maier about 7 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Before learning about Piaget's theory, you understood the terms "assimilation" and "accommodation" as they are used in conversation. After learning about Piaget's theory, you understood these terms as processes of intellectual development. This new understanding is most specifically known as
Answer
  • organisation
  • assimilation
  • accommodation
  • epistemology

Question 2

Question
A most basic assumption of Piaget's theory is that children progress through developmental stages _________ .
Answer
  • in an invariant sequence
  • at specific ages
  • dependent upon their sociocultural experiences
  • as they acquire increasingly complex understandings of imitation

Question 3

Question
Developmental research has confirmed the basic sequence of development that Piaget proposed for the sensorimotor period, but some of the milestones are reached earlier than he proposed, including all of the following except
Answer
  • A-not-B errors
  • deferred imitation
  • primary circular reactions
  • object permanence

Question 4

Question
Which of the following competencies is acquired in Piaget's preoperational stage?
Answer
  • symbolic function
  • decentration
  • reversibility
  • transitivity

Question 5

Question
Piaget notes that children's cognitive competencies were often uneven, with children being unable to solve certain problems even though they could solve similar problems requiring the same mental operations. He referred to this phenomenon as
Answer
  • genetic epistemology
  • decentration of operations
  • mental seriation
  • horizontal decalage

Question 6

Question
Tamara is beginning to use hypothetico-deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning in her thinking. She is becoming quite idealistic in her thinking about world politics and even her parents' behaviour. In addition, she imagines that other people are as interested in her thoughts and behaviours as she is. Tamara is most likely in the _________ stage of development.
Answer
  • sensorimotor
  • preoperational
  • concrete-operational
  • formal-operational

Question 7

Question
Developmental psychologists critisise Piaget's cognitive developmental theory for all of the following reasons except
Answer
  • the assumption that development occurs in stages
  • failing to adequately describe different stages of cognitive development
  • failing to specify how children progress from one stage of development to the next
  • understanding social and cultural influences on cognitive development

Question 8

Question
Vygotsky proposed that we should evaluate development from the perspective of four interrelated levels in interaction with children's environments. These four levels include all of the following except
Answer
  • microgenetic
  • ontogenetic
  • phylogenetic
  • sociogenetic

Question 9

Question
Text messaging to communicate using cell phones is so common in today's generation of teenagers and young adults that it has become what Vygotsky would call a
Answer
  • zone of proximal development
  • tool of intellectual adaptation
  • scaffold
  • guide of participation

Question 10

Question
________ argued that children's self-talk was a form of egocentric speech. ________ argued that children's self-talk was a cognitive self-guidance system that regulates problem-solving activities.
Answer
  • Piaget; Vygotsky
  • Piaget; Piaget
  • Vygotsky; Piaget
  • Vygotsky; Vygotsky

Question 11

Question
Which of the following emotions is not present at birth?
Answer
  • interest
  • disgust
  • contentment
  • embarrassment

Question 12

Question
Children must achieve the cognitive abilities of self-recognition and self-evaluation in order to experience which of the following emotions?
Answer
  • contentment
  • disgust
  • embarrassment
  • interest

Question 13

Question
Each culture has _______ that specify for children of each gender the appropriate intensity of emotion and the appropriate valence (positive or negative) of emotion that is acceptable in that culture.
Answer
  • emotional regulation rules
  • emotional display rules
  • social referencing rules
  • socialisation rules

Question 14

Question
A person's tendency to respond in predictable ways to environmental events is known as
Answer
  • emotional regulation
  • emotional display
  • temperament
  • socialisation

Question 15

Question
When there is a poor goodness-of-fit between parenting behaviours and temperamental attributes, ________ children may experience adjustment problems.
Answer
  • slow-to-warm-up
  • easy
  • behaviourally inhibited
  • sociable

Question 16

Question
After the _________, infants use their attachment object as a secure base for exploration.
Answer
  • asocial phase of attachments
  • phase of indiscriminate attachments
  • phase of specific attachments
  • phase of multiple attachments

Question 17

Question
Which theory of attachment is currently considered the predominately accepted theory by developmental psychologists?
Answer
  • psychoanalytic
  • learning
  • cognitive developmental
  • ethological

Question 18

Question
Which developmental milestone is generally thought to be necessary before an infant will display separation anxiety?
Answer
  • entering the asocial phase of attachments
  • using the attachment figure as a secure base for exploration
  • achieving object permanence
  • experiencing embarrassment or shame

Question 19

Question
Jamal is a 1-year-old toddler who is being tested in a university laboratory. He is guided through a series of episodes during which his mother and a stranger come and go from the room in which he is playing. Jamal is most likely being tested using the
Answer
  • Strange Situation Test
  • Attachment Q-set Test
  • Attachment Classification Test
  • Secure Attachment Test

Question 20

Question
Infants may form ________ of themselves and of others, which are somewhat stable over time and influence their reactions to people and challenges for years to come.
Answer
  • attachment classifications
  • temperamental classifications
  • Q-set models
  • internal working models

Question 21

Question
A psychologist studies ________. She is interested in how children learn the meanings of bound morphemes, free morphemes, and sentences.
Answer
  • phonology
  • morphology
  • semantics
  • syntax

Question 22

Question
Tamina is preoccupied with pointing at things and asking what they are. She is a toddler who experiences
Answer
  • the naming explosion
  • prelinguistic vocables
  • an overactive language acquisition device (LAD)
  • metalinguistic awareness

Question 23

Question
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal research design?
Answer
  • It does not evaluate individual differences in development.
  • It is subject to the cross-generational problem.
  • It violates the scientific method.
  • It may cause developmental delays and trauma to the participants

Question 24

Question
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the cross-sectional research design?
Answer
  • It does not evaluate individual differences in development.
  • It is subject to the cross-gender problem.
  • It violates the scientific method.
  • It may cause developmental changes that would not occur naturally and which may not be long-lasting.

Question 25

Question
Match with the correct answer.
Answer
  • from 3rd to 8th prenatal week
  • major organ systems begin to function
  • lasting from conception to implantation

Question 26

Question
A severe form of depression suffered by about 10% of new mothers leaves these women feeling like they don't want their babies, perceiving their babies to be "difficult", and not interacting with their babies. These feelings can last for months. This form of depression is known as
Answer
  • maternity depression
  • maternity blues
  • postpartum depression
  • post-birth depression

Question 27

Question
Oxygen deprivation at birth is called
Answer
  • breech delivery
  • anoxia
  • oxygen depletion
  • umbilical cord abnormality

Question 28

Question
Match with the correct answer.
Answer
  • a father's initial emotional response
  • a mother's initial emotional response

Question 29

Question
________ are external agents such as viruses, drugs, chemicals, and radiation that can harm a developing embryo or fetus.
Answer
  • Fetal programs
  • PCBs
  • Teratogens
  • Toxoplasmoses

Question 30

Question
A period during which an organism is quite susceptible to certain environmental influences is known as ________ . Outside this period, the same environmental influences must be much stronger to produce comparable effects.
Answer
  • sensitive period
  • teratogen period
  • differentiation period
  • danger period

Question 31

Question
The most critical period in prenatal development for potential damage to the developing organism from teratogens is the period of the
Answer
  • blastocyst
  • zygote
  • fetus
  • embryo

Question 32

Question
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
Answer
  • the modification or distortion of new information in order to incorporate it into current schemes
  • the fact that every structure has its genesis in previous structures
  • the tendency to integrate structures into higher-order systems of structures
  • the changing of a current scheme in order to incorporate new information

Question 33

Question
According to Piaget, cognitive equilibration refer to the
Answer
  • tendency to integrate structures into higher-order systems or structures
  • individual seeking to stabilise his or her cognitive structures
  • tendency to modify structures in order to incorporate new information into existing structures
  • fact that every structure has its genesis (i.e., its origins) in earlier structures

Question 34

Question
Match the concepts with their definitions after Piaget.
Answer
  • Intelligence
  • Cognitive Equilibration
  • Assimilation
  • Constructivist
  • Schemes
  • Organisation

Question 35

Question
The first major period in Piaget's stage theory is the sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to approximately 2 years of age. Accordingly to Piaget, children at this stage
Answer
  • are not able to comprehend the world yet, and must rely on others to do their thinking for them
  • are able to think logically and comprehend their environment
  • are of little interest to experimental psychologists because they are unable to verbalise fluently
  • are able to comprehend the world around them through their actions on it

Question 36

Question
According to Piaget, imitation is the purest example of
Answer
  • accommodation
  • assimilation
  • the coordination of both assimilation and coordination
  • abstract representation

Question 37

Question
Six-month-old Pedro is playing with his stuffed toy rabbit in his crib. He sets the rabbit down, and as he moves to reach his bottle, his blanket covers this toy. Pedro then turns to reach for his rabbit, but seeing only a bump in his blanket, he cries. According to Piaget, Pedro’s actions in this situation reflect a lack of
Answer
  • object permanence
  • deferred imitation
  • primary circular reactions
  • assimilation

Question 38

Question
Piaget's concept of object permanence refers to the
Answer
  • knowledge that objects have an existence in space and time independent of one's perceptions of and action on them
  • knowledge that an inanimate object (e.g., a ball) will remain in a given location when put there, although an animate object (e.g., a rabbit) may not
  • tendency for semantic knowledge of objects to remain permanently in long-term memory
  • ability to memorise the spatial location of permanent objects in the environment

Question 39

Question
Match the following concepts with their definitions.
Answer
  • A-not-B error
  • primary circular reactions
  • invariant developmental sequence
  • cordination of 2ndary circular reactions
  • neo-nativism

Question 40

Question
Glen's mother has dark hair and is short; Glen thinks that all mothers have dark hair and are short. This is an example of
Answer
  • conservation
  • disequilibrium
  • egocentrism
  • accommodation

Question 41

Question
The preoperational child is charaterised by
Answer
  • introspective and abstract thinking
  • logical, concrete, and nonabstract thinking
  • symbolic, intuitive thinking
  • symbolic, intuitive, and egocentric thinking

Question 42

Question
A 5-year-old child suggests that John, who is 6 feet tall, must be older than his Aunt Mary, who is only 5 feet tall. This approach of interpreting age based solely on the height of an individual can be attributed to this child’s
Answer
  • seeing events as specific states and ignoring transformations
  • egocentricity
  • inability to deal with a superordinate and subordinate concept simultaneously
  • perceptual centration

Question 43

Question
Match the following concepts with their definitions.
Answer
  • representational insight
  • conservation
  • hypothetico-deductive reasoning
  • animism
  • horizontal décalage

Question 44

Question
Vygotsky discussed four perspectives of development that should be considered in any theory of intellectual development. Which one of the following is not one of the perspectives proposed by Vygotsky?
Answer
  • microgenetic development
  • phylogenetic development
  • sociocultural development
  • prenatal development

Question 45

Question
Five-year-old Erin sits on the floor with her mother as they play a board game. Erin rolls a 2 and a 3 on the dice. She picks up her game piece, a small toy dog, moving it along the board as she says, “I move my doggie one, two . . . then I move my doggie one, two, three.” Erin’s behaviour reflects
Answer
  • Piaget’s perspective, that private speech reflects the child’s egocentricity of thought and represents the child’s unsuccessful attempt at social speech
  • Piaget’s perspective, that private speech is a necessary precursor to social speech in that it serves as preparation (practice) for successful social communication
  • Vygotsky’s perspective, that private speech serves as a cognitive self-guidance system for young children
  • both Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s perspectives, that private speech is presymbolic and serves only to initiate or inhibit overt motor actions and has no influence on cognition

Question 46

Question
Match the following concepts with their definitions.
Answer
  • zone of proximal development
  • ontogenetic development
  • guided participation
  • microgenetic development
  • scaffolding
  • tools of intellectual adaption

Question 47

Question
A researcher reports that boys show more physical aggression than girls in free play. She is able to demonstrate consistency of results across time, situations, and observers. Therefore, her findings are:
Answer
  • reliable
  • valid
  • proven
  • all of the above

Question 48

Question
A researcher uses looking preferences to assess categorisation abilities of babies who cannot yet speak. She is able to demonstrate that the measure she uses accurately reflects the variables that are under study. Therefore, her findings are:
Answer
  • reliable
  • valid
  • proven
  • all of the above

Question 49

Question
A researcher measures children’s language development by administering questionnaires to parents. Possible problems?
Answer
  • Parental questionnaires are never valid
  • Parental answers are seldom reliable
  • Parental answers are not suitable for assessment of children's verbal behaviour.
  • May be inferior to measuring the behaviour directly
  • All of the above

Question 50

Question
A researcher measures children’s cognitive development by asking questions about a hypothetical situation. Possible problems?
Answer
  • Children may know something but be unable to explain it.
  • Different children may get different prompts, depending on their previous answers.
  • Experimenter may be biased in interpreting the answers.
  • May be interior to measuring the behaviour directly.
  • All of the above.

Question 51

Question
A researcher measures play behaviour of a few children over a long period of time, in daily structured play sessions. Possible problems?
Answer
  • Children will get bored with this and underperform.
  • Results will be insufficient to draw valid conclusions.
  • Results may not generalise to other children.
  • All of the above.

Question 52

Question
Say that we found that watching a lot of violence on TV is correlated with disruptive behaviours in children. What conclusions can be drawn from this?
Answer
  • TV violence may cause disruptive behaviour
  • Parents of disruptive children allow them to watch more TV programmes.
  • All of the above could be true.
  • None of the above.

Question 53

Question
A researcher reported that 3-year-old children have longer attention span than 2-year-old children, as they remembered more pictures shown in a test. She used a cross-sectional design, and tested 25 children in each group.
Answer
  • Data are not valid or reliable.
  • Data are not generalisible
  • Data cannot tell us about the development of individual children.
  • All of the above.
  • None of the above.

Question 54

Question
Recommended for women in general: up to 14-21 units / week, so up to 2-3 units per day is OK. How much is it safe to drink in pregnancy?
Answer
  • No drinking at all
  • One unit per day
  • Two units per day
  • Three units per day

Question 55

Question
Birth experience for babies is...
Answer
  • Not very stressful at all
  • Quite stressful
  • Very stressful
  • Torturous

Question 56

Question
For parents, especially the mother, is there a sensitive period for emotional bonding in first 6-12 hours after birth?
Answer
  • Yes - this is crucial for the full acceptance of a new baby.
  • No, there is no such thing as a sensitive period.
  • It may be helpful but it is not necessary.
  • It may be helpful not to see the baby immediately, until mother is properly rested and hormones return to normal.

Question 57

Question
You show preschool children Manyard the Cat. Then, in front of them, you place a dog mask on the cat’s face. You ask the children, does he bark or meow? They will say
Answer
  • meow
  • bark
  • can do either as he chooses
  • neither

Question 58

Question
Genetic epistemology, Piaget's academic specialty, could be defined as the study of the:
Answer
  • child's social relations with others such as peers.
  • inheritance of developmental disability.
  • inheritance of behavioural habits.
  • development of knowledge.

Question 59

Question
In Piaget's theory, balance between the child's thoughts and the environment is called:
Answer
  • Secondary circular reaction.
  • Phylogenetic scaffolding.
  • Early constructivism.
  • Cognitive equilibrium.

Question 60

Question
Object permanence refers to the understanding that:
Answer
  • durable todays are preferred over those that break soon.
  • existence continues even when something is out of sight.
  • inanimate objects have the ability to "hide" actively.
  • lost objects will always be located later.

Question 61

Question
Three-year-old Bethan gets scared when her mum dresses up in a dinosaur costume on Halloween. This child shows:
Answer
  • a phylogenetic development.
  • assimilation and accommodation.
  • lack of object (person) permanence.
  • misunderstanding of the appearance/reality distinction.

Question 62

Question
Suppose we asked children to make drawings of all the life forms that might occur on another planet. According to Piaget, the novelest, creative ideas of life forms are likely to come from children at the:
Answer
  • sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
  • preoperational stage of cognitive development.
  • concrete-operational stage of development.
  • formal-operational stage of development.

Question 63

Question
Roxanne is 4 ½ years old. She often talks out loud even when other people are not listening. This habit is:
Answer
  • unusual for boys but common for girls.
  • unusual for girls but common for boys.
  • fairly common in all children of her age but of no significance for her cognitive development.
  • fairly common in all children her age and helpful to her cognitive development.

Question 64

Question
Which statement is LEAST applicable to Vygotsky's theory?
Answer
  • Cooperative interactions with skilled tutors are helpful.
  • Variations in cultural influences are acknowledged.
  • Developmental universals are sought and identified.
  • Scaffolding assists the child with difficult tasks.

Question 65

Question
In the mirror self-recognition test, the parent covertly places a red spot on 1-year-old Gareth’s face. The child is then presented with a mirror. What is he most likely to do?
Answer
  • Deliberately ignore the red spot.
  • Stare at the red spot.
  • Touch their nose / wipe the red spot.
  • Interact with the mirror (kissing or touching it)

Question 66

Question
When do children start learning their native language?
Answer
  • about 12 months old
  • about 6 months old
  • soon after birth
  • before they are born

Question 67

Question
Some language developmental researchers claim that 8-month old infants can out-perform older children on certain language tasks. Why?
Answer
  • They are attention-, funds- and fame-seeking scientists
  • They are simply mistaken - other researchers disagree
  • There are large individual differences in development, some infants can be so advanced that they outperform average pre-schoolers
  • This is actually true for all children in some aspects of comprehension.

Question 68

Question
Which type of parenting produces the happiest, best-adjusted children?
Answer
  • Authoritative (high demandingness/control and high acceptance/responsiveness)
  • Authoritarian (high demandingness/control and low acceptance/responsiveness)
  • Permissive (low demandingness/control and high acceptance/responsiveness)
  • Uninvolved (low demandingness/control) and low acceptance/responsiveness)

Question 69

Question
Jo has bad temper which often leads to crying and shouting. Jo’s mum tries to avoid public embarrassment by giving in to Jo’s demands when they are out. This makes it more likely that this situation will happen again. This fits with a
Answer
  • Parent effects model.
  • Child effects model.
  • Transactional model.
  • Universal model.

Question 70

Question
Girls are more likely than boys to show which kind of aggression?
Answer
  • Hostile.
  • Instrumental.
  • Relational.
  • Bullying.

Question 71

Question
A strong advantage of the longitudinal design is
Answer
  • That informed consent is not necessary.
  • Its ability to discern amongst cohorts.
  • That it follows development of individuals.
  • That it protects from selective attrition.

Question 72

Question
Which of these is NOT among the five measurements that make up the APGAR test for neonates?
Answer
  • Muscle tone.
  • Heart rate.
  • Reflex irritability.
  • Attention span.

Question 73

Question
In recent decades, the age of viability has advanced earlier in the period of the fetus because of
Answer
  • The increasing rate of single parenthood.
  • The perfusion of toxic chemicals in food and water.
  • Better maternal nutrition.
  • Advances in medical technology.

Question 74

Question
Reasoning by verbal analogy: MATERNITY BLUES are to POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION as __________ is to __________.
Answer
  • PRIMATE / HUMAN
  • POSITIVE / NEGATIVE
  • FATHER / MOTHER
  • MILD / INTENSE

Question 75

Question
When adults interpret emotions displayed by babies in their first months of life, they
Answer
  • Are unreliable and inaccurate.
  • Do better with negative emotions than with positive.
  • Do better with positive emotions than with negative.
  • Are highly accurate regardless of the type of emotions.

Question 76

Question
"Social referencing" refers to the child's ability to
Answer
  • Categorise people or animals as good or bad.
  • Use the reactions of others to interpret an ambiguous stimulus or situation.
  • Hide one's own true inner feelings.
  • Understand that others' feelings differ from your own.

Question 77

Question
Which of these is NOT among the several methods for studying infants’ sensation / perception?
Answer
  • Habituation / dishabituation.
  • High-amplitude sucking.
  • Deferred imitation.
  • Evoked potentials.

Question 78

Question
Sandra’s mum has no time to look into a mirror. Which flaws is 6-month-old Sandra LEAST likely to notice?
Answer
  • Very smudged eye shadow.
  • A big bruise on mum's nose.
  • A piece of pasta hanging off mum's chin.
  • A crow's nest in mum's hair.

Question 79

Question
As little Benny masters object permanence, which behaviour represents the most advanced understanding?
Answer
  • Passively waiting for an object to reappear.
  • Anticipating invisible displacements.
  • Making an A-not-B error.
  • Looking at another toy as the first one disappears from view.

Question 80

Question
Ceri’s dad is upset and cries. Ceri gives her teddy to dad to hold, and tells dad he will feel better if he hugs that teddy. According to Piaget, Ceri is showing
Answer
  • Egocentrism.
  • Decentered emotionality.
  • Sympathetic empathic concern.
  • Animism.

Question 81

Question
Reasoning by verbal analogy, Piaget’s view is to Vygotsky’s view as is to
Answer
  • Egocentrism / other's viewpoint.
  • Adolescence / childhood.
  • Flexibility / rigidity.
  • Solitary / social.

Question 82

Question
For Vygotsky, private speech is
Answer
  • Meaningless babbling.
  • Entirely silent and cannot be heard by others.
  • Passive reporting on thoughts after they have happened.
  • Self-talk that helps children to plan their thoughts.

Question 83

Question
A basic definition of imitation is
Answer
  • Doing an action after seeing it done.
  • Repeating an action after getting reinforcement.
  • Varying a response to achieve reinforcement.
  • Repeating an action.

Question 84

Question
Generalised imitation, a higher-order skill investigated by researchers in Bangor and other behaviour analysts, denotes an
Answer
  • Ability to copy actions.
  • Ability to copy a variety of actions.
  • Ability to copy a variety of novel actions.
  • Ability to copy a variety of novel actions without external reinforcement.

Question 85

Question
A toddler is able to name many objects and events. He hears a familiar word /cat/. This makes him
Answer
  • Look to find a cat.
  • Try to pet the cat.
  • Do neither 1 or 2 but may echo the word 'cat'.
  • Do both 1 and 2 - and he may echo the word 'cat'.

Question 86

Question
The set of emotions that are closely tied to cognitive development, particularly self-recognition and an understanding of social norms is
Answer
  • Interest, distress, disgust, and contentment.
  • Anger, surprise, fear, and sadness.
  • Embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride.
  • Joy, happiness, frustration, and boredom.

Question 87

Question
Belinda is 8 months old. She turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches her pram in the supermarket. This reaction would
Answer
  • Be unusual in a child at that age.
  • Be evidence that Belinda was insecurely attached.
  • Be considered a typical response to a stranger for a child of that age (but not necessarily a universal response).
  • Simply indicate that Belinda is tired or hungry.

Question 88

Question
Emotional attachments between parent and child
Answer
  • Are the result of cultural effects of parenting in the Western countries.
  • Slowly rise from social interactions in the first months.
  • Emerge suddenly at birth, to the strongest level.
  • Result from both persons' shared genetic relationship.

Question 89

Question
Mary Ainsworth's (1978) "Strange Situation”
Answer
  • Identifies the child's level of visual imagination.
  • Provides training for the transition into foster care.
  • Measures the child's interest in novel unfamiliar items.
  • Assesses the child's attachment style.

Question 90

Question
The two common fears of infancy, separation anxiety and stranger anxiety, reflect the baby's preference for
Answer
  • Easy temperament.
  • Familiarity.
  • Social referencing.
  • Learned helplessness.

Question 91

Question
Training to improve the sensitivity of parents to their child’s needs
Answer
  • Is doomed to fail because caregiving is genetically predetermined.
  • Works and promotes secure attachment.
  • Is directed mainly to upper parents.
  • Yields temporary gains that are lost within weeks.

Question 92

Question
Sam, age five, turns away from the TV that shows a report of an earthquake, where people are hurt. Sam is likely to be feeling
Answer
  • Self-oriented distress.
  • Sympathetic empathetic arousal.
  • A hostile attribution bias.
  • Learned helplessness.

Question 93

Question
Finnish school-based KiVa programme does NOT contain
Answer
  • An online game training emotion recognition.
  • Classroom activities that teach children to be helpful bystanders.
  • Psychological counselling to make bullied children less vulnerable.
  • Parental educational materials.

Question 94

Question
Bangor-made Food Dudes programmes are effective interventions that increase consumption of fruit and veg. They are usually delivered by
Answer
  • Parents.
  • Researchers.
  • Children.
  • Teachers.

Question 95

Question
Which of these is NOT among Piaget's four cognitive developmental stages?
Answer
  • Formal operations stage.
  • Preoperational stage.
  • Proximal zone stage.
  • Sensorimotor stage.
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