Biochemistry

BiochemistryBondsionic bonds-bonds formed between oppositely charged ions; one or more electrons is transferred to another atom covalent bonds- electrons are shared to gain a stable conformationisotope-atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons; some are unstable and break down over time i.e. carbon-14molecular=2 non-metalscovalent=metal+non-metalpH scale1-most acidic (high concentration of hydrogen ions)14-most basic(high concentration of hydroxide ions)Organic molecules- carbon based; carbon atoms usually bond to each other and hydrogenpolar covalent bondshave regions of high electronegativity and low electronegativity. the electrons are drawn to atoms with high electronegativity . those atoms then gain a partial negative charge i.e. waternon-polar covalent bondsshare the atoms fairly equally because they have similar electronegativities i.e. hydrogen and carbonhydrophobic-water hating (most non-polar molecules)hydrophilic-water loving (most polar molecules)intramolecular forces - hold atoms together within moleculeintermolecular forces-much weaker forces between molecules that hold them togetherFunctional groups-an atom or group of atoms attached to a molecule which give it particular chemical and physical propertieshydroxyl - polarcarbonyl - polarcarboxyl - polar,acidicamino - polar, basicsulfhydryl - slightly polarphosphate - polarMacronutrientscarbohydrateswhere we get most our energy have glycosidic linkages monosaccharides (simple sugars) glucose, fructose, galactose disaccharides (double sugars) sucrose, maltose, lactose polysaccharides (long chains of monosaccharides) starch(made of monosaccharides) glycogen (polysaccharides) stores starch celluslose(glucose) comes from plants and cannot be broken down by humans lipids fats and oils have ester linkages triglyceride (most common) 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule saturated fatty acids - solid at room temp; found in animals: contain max number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom unsaturated fatty acids - liquid at room temp;found in plants; contain a double carbon bond polysaturated fatty acid - liquid at room temp;found in plants; contain more than one double carbon bond phospholipids- water soluble phosphate head and a fatty acid tail; found in cell membrane steriods- made up of four carbon based rings waxes-solid at room temp; long carbon based chains proteins used by cells to build structures chain of amino acids called a polypeptide made of 20 different amino acids held together by peptide bonds have primary, secondary, tertiary structure determined by how many amino acids there are nucleic acid DNA-stores genetic info; repairs worn cells and makes new ones DNA is arranged into genes which determine characteristics RNA- participates in protein synthesis enzymes-lower the activation energy of a reaction to speed it up -enzyme substrate complex:enzyme fits into a substrate and speeds up reaction-allosteric enzyme-involved with control and regulation of biological processesreactionsneutralization- acid and base interact forming a salt and water as they neutralize each otheroxidation-reduction reaction- transfer of electrons dehydration- an hydrogen atom and a hydroxide atom and removed and the two molecules bond leaving water as a producthydrolysis- water is added to break apart bods between monomers. A hydrogen and hydroxide are added to make two smaller moleculesintracellular fluid - environment inside of cellextracellular fluid - fluid outside of cellconcentration gradient - difference in concentration between one side of membrane and the otherfacilitated diffusion - transport of ions or molecules across membrane by means of a proteindiffusion- movement from area of high concentration to low concentrationosmosis- diffusion of water across membranespassive transport - movement without use of energyactive transport - movement with energy; wouldn't go there naturallysolutionsisotonic - same concentrationhypertonic- higher concentration of solutes than waterhypotonic - higher concentration of water than solutesosmotic pressure- pressure produced as water accumulates inside cell exerting outward on membrane; could cause cells to burstturgor pressure - water collects in central vacuole of plants and enables them to stand uprightcell organellescell membrane- thin, semi-permeable membrane around cell which consists of phospholipidscell wall- protects and supports cell; made of tough cellulose; gives shapecytoplasm- fluid consisting of everything except nucleus in cellnucleus- control center of cell surrounded by nuclear membrane and filled with nucleoplasm; contains DNA in thee form of chromatinchloroplasts- site for photosynthesisvacuole- storage for food, water , etc.ribosomes- synthesize proteinsDNA- contains 100 000 genes which code for a person's characteristics