Pregunta 1
Pregunta
1. Which of these refers to quantitative type of research?
Respuesta
-
numeric
-
less in scale
-
more subjective
-
uncontrolled
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
2. Which of these refers to qualitative type of research?
Respuesta
-
objective
-
factual
-
conceptual
-
obtrusive
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
3. Which of these refers to preliminary stage in research?
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Which of these refers to research proper?
Respuesta
-
gathering, analyzing and interpreting data
-
re-drafting your paper according to research evaluation criteria
-
creating a working hypothesis
-
thinking of a type and methods of your research
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
All of these refer to individual research EXCEPT for:
Respuesta
-
gives you sole ownership of the research
-
means that you have to carry out all elements of the research process
-
enables you to share responsibility
-
means that you are wholly responsible for its progress and success
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
All of these refer to group research EXCEPT for:
Respuesta
-
provides you with a ready made support network
-
may result in a more focused project determined by you
-
provides you with useful experience of team working
-
allows you to take on larger-scale topics than you could otherwise manage
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
All of these refer to supervisors’ expectations of their students in doing research EXCEPT for:
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
All of these refer to advantages of researching your own workplace EXCEPT for:
Respuesta
-
ease of access
-
pressure from your employer to research what they want
-
it may help your promotion
-
you may be able to do some research in work time
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
All of these are research evaluation criteria EXCEPT for:
Respuesta
-
complexity
-
significance
-
validity
-
generalizability
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Interviewing refers to the stage of________.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Reading professional journals refers to the stage of_________.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Processing the collected data refers to the stage of__________.
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Research is evaluated against such criteria as_____.
Respuesta
-
reliability
-
brevity
-
fidelity
-
simplicity
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Mark the activity referring to primary research:
Respuesta
-
studying and analyzing the research findings reported in books and journals
-
reading topographical maps
-
conducting a social survey
-
doing a literature review
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
In which research the results are tangible:
Respuesta
-
pure
-
practical
-
theoretical
-
qualitative
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
You solve a pure research problem by
Respuesta
-
changing something out there in the world
-
doing something
-
learning more about the world around you
-
conducting a practical research.
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Practical and research problems ___
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
.___ research originates in one's mind.
Respuesta
-
Pure
-
Field
-
Practical
-
Quantitative
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Choose the appropriate chronological sequence: A Analyzing the data B Stating the hypothesis C Gathering the data D Choosing the research problem E Interpreting the results of the data analysis in order to test the hypothesis F Extensive study of the respective field
Respuesta
-
FDBCAE
-
DFCAEB
-
ACDEFB
-
DFBCAE
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Surveying refers to the stage of_______
Respuesta
-
Designing research
-
Gathering the data
-
Interpreting the results
-
analyzing data
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Dis/proving the hypothesis refers to the stage of_______
Respuesta
-
Designing research
-
Gathering the data
-
Interpreting the results
-
Analyzing data
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Hypothecizing an approach to the stated problem's solution takes place at all of these stages EXCEPT for:
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Attending inter/national meetings of professional communities may take place at all of these stages EXCEPT for:
Respuesta
-
Interpreting the results
-
Gathering the data
-
Choosing the problem
-
Stating the hypothesis
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
In which research the results are impalpable/intangible:
Respuesta
-
pure
-
practical
-
primary
-
secondary
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Mark the activity referring to secondary research:
Respuesta
-
Digging up ancient burial grounds
-
summarizing the experts' views
-
making up a topographical map
-
conducting a survey
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Choose the appropriate chronological sequence in building up your survey:A. Collect the data B. Record, analyze, and interpret the data C. Decide how to measure the information
D. Clarify the purposes of the research E Choose interviewing methodology (questionnaire or interview)
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of an experiment:
Respuesta
-
allocation of samples to different experimental conditions
-
selection of a single case of a situation, individual or group
-
measurement on a small number of variables
-
introduction of planned changes on one or more variables
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
A field experiment is:
Respuesta
-
deliberate manipulation of the independent variable in the participants’ own environment
-
Usually carried out in an artificial situation, the researcher attempts to control for as many confounding variables by using standardized procedures
-
recording the effect of the independent variable, which is changed by natural occurrences, on the dependent variable
-
random manipulation of the independent variable in the participants’ own environment
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Role limitations is a/n ___________of participant observation.
Respuesta
-
advantage
-
disadvantage
-
feature
-
strength
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Bias is a disadvantage of ___ observation.
Respuesta
-
participant
-
non-participant
-
structured
-
unstructured
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of the case study:
Respuesta
-
study of the case in its context
-
selection of a single case of a situation, individual or group of interest or concern
-
allocation of samples to different experimental conditions
-
multi-method approach
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
A hybrid type of case study is ____
Respuesta
-
snapshot
-
longitudinal
-
patchwork
-
comparative
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
The sampling when respondents are stopped in the street and asked is called a _________sampling.
Respuesta
-
quota
-
random
-
haphazard
-
representative
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Which of the following is a disadvantage of survey:
Respuesta
-
They provide large amount of data at relatively low cost, in a short time
-
There are undetected ambiguities in understanding the survey questions
-
Often this is the only way of getting information about a large set of people
-
It collects generalizable information from almost any population
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
__________ interviews are used if you are certain of what you want to know but still want to leave some room for exploration.
Respuesta
-
Semi-structured
-
Structured
-
Unstructured
-
Restructured
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Mark a disadvantage of the interview:
Respuesta
-
The presence of the interviewer
-
Biases are difficult to rule out.
-
Non-verbal cues may help in understanding the verbal response
-
It is flexible
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
A snapshot case study is a ________
Respuesta
-
detailed, objective study of one research object at one point in time
-
hybrid type of case study
-
study of one research object at multiple time points
-
a set of multiple case studies
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
A longitudinal case study is _________
Respuesta
-
study of one research object at multiple time points
-
a detailed, objective study of one research object at one point in time
-
a hybrid type of case study
-
study of different objects at multiple time points
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Measure¬ment of variables is a typical feature of a/an __.
Respuesta
-
case study
-
survey
-
observation
-
experiment
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Quota sampling is done when _____
Respuesta
-
respondents represent the numerical ratios of various subgroups
-
you stop people in the street and ask them
-
everybody has an equal chance to be chosen
-
) the population under study is represented proportionately
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Too much data is a/n____ of mechanical recording of observation data.
Respuesta
-
merit
-
advantage
-
benefit
-
disadvantage
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Sampling in which the numerical ratios of various subgroups (by gender, age, etc.) are arranged is called _________.
Respuesta
-
haphazard
-
random
-
quota
-
representative
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
___observation is more objective.
Respuesta
-
Participant
-
Non-participant
-
Unstructured
-
Structured
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Case study techniques DO NOT include:
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
In a rotating sample survey
Respuesta
-
you collect standardized data from an undifferentiated representative sample
-
you make use of a different sample of respondents for each repetition
-
you use a hybrid of repeated cross-sectional simple survey and the panel
-
the design data are collected on the same respondents at two or more points of time.
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Which of them is NOT an advantage of case study?
Respuesta
-
currency
-
multiplicity of sources
-
depth of understanding
-
izability of conclusions
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
______surveys have the highest degree of data standardization
Respuesta
-
Highly structured
-
Semi-structured
-
Unstructured
-
Restructured
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
______ is the best method for triangulation of research findings.
Respuesta
-
Experiment
-
Survey
-
Case study
-
Observation
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
In a ____ survey, design data are collected on the same respondents several times.
Respuesta
-
panel
-
simple
-
rotating
-
postal
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
The most flexible kind of research method is_______.
Respuesta
-
observation
-
experiment
-
survey
-
case study
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Discussion ______.
Respuesta
-
interprets the research findings
-
presents the data analysis results
-
briefly describes the respondents
-
outlines the goals and objectives of the research
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Abstract differs from executive summary in the sense that it is:
Respuesta
-
not more than 10 pages
-
longer
-
shorter
-
more detailed
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Executive summary is similar to abstract in the sense that…
Respuesta
-
It is a long document which is sufficient for its full understanding.
-
It is presented before the table of contents.
-
It is a 1-page paper outline
-
If you read it, you don’t need to read the whole paper
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Mark the subsections referring to Introduction
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
. …. describes how participants were chosen, the tasks assigned them, how they were conducted, how data were evaluated.
Respuesta
-
Discussion
-
Materials and Procedures
-
Conclusion
-
Introduction
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
A good conclusion should ____.
Respuesta
-
summarize the whole paper, it aims, significance, results, conclusions, action plan/recommendations, prospects for future research.
-
summarize an article written for the purpose of enticing the reader to read the whole article
-
summarize scholarly source material on a particular topic, the work done by other researchers.
-
describe the research method
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
Which paper structure component includes sources which are actually cited in the paper?
Respuesta
-
Bibliography
-
Appendices
-
References
-
Quotations
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
Select the statement referring to the Results section
Respuesta
-
Presents the data analysis in an organized fashion
-
Describes how data were evaluated
-
Summarizes the whole article
-
Interprets the data
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
Not so important pieces of evidence may be presented in ….
Respuesta
-
Discussion
-
Appendix
-
Materials and Procedures
-
References
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Which of the following paper structure components expresses gratitude to all those who provided assistance in doing the research?
Respuesta
-
Abstract
-
Acknowledgements
-
Introduction
-
Conclusion
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Select the statement about Review of Literature.
Respuesta
-
Includes sources which are actually cited in the paper
-
Contains an alphabetical list of all publications that you have read, but has not referred to.
-
Shows what work has been done by other researchers
-
Explains the research goals.
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
The abstract DOES NOT differ from executive summary in …
Respuesta
-
purpose
-
length
-
location
-
volume
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
Where in a research paper can you find summary of the previous research
Respuesta
-
Literature review
-
Introduction
-
Conclusion
-
Discussion
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
Where in a research paper can you find summary of the research results?
Respuesta
-
Introduction
-
Results
-
Conclusion
-
Literature Review
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
Where in a research paper can you find description of the paper structure?
Respuesta
-
Introduction
-
Literature Review
-
Conclusion
-
Materials and Procedures
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
Where in a research paper can you find project rationale?
Respuesta
-
Introduction
-
Materials and Procedures
-
Conclusion
-
Literature Review
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
Where in a research paper can you find recommendations based on your research findings?
Respuesta
-
Introduction
-
Abstract
-
Conclusion
-
Results
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
Abstract does NOT provide information about the research
Respuesta
-
purpose
-
results
-
bibliography
-
goals
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
Introduction usually has the following structure:
Respuesta
-
rationale, problem, hypothesis, methods and structure
-
outline, discussion, hypothesis, rationale and methods
-
literature review, hypothesis, findings and summary
-
outline, hypothesis, methods and findings
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
Which of the following is one of the purposes of a conclusion of a research paper?
Respuesta
-
to highlight the perspectives of the research
-
to set the research context
-
to make somebody interested in reading the whole paper
-
to prove the hypothesis
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
Which of the following parts of the conclusion manifests the value of your research?
Respuesta
-
contribution
-
summary
-
prospects
-
recommendations
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
Which of the following part of the conclusion discusses factors that affect the results?
Respuesta
-
limitations
-
contribution
-
prospects
-
summary
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
What guiding principles should you use in revising your paper's sentence structure?
Respuesta
-
Avoid too short and abrupt sentences as well as too long and complex sentences.
-
use long formal sentences carrying a lot of information.
-
Sentence quality is a low priority in research writing because the main point is to convey factual information.
-
One should frequently use personal pronouns to emphasize one’s contribution to research
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
Which of the following describes how participants were chosen, the tasks assigned them, how they were conducted, how data were evaluated.
Respuesta
-
Results
-
Conclusion
-
Materials and Procedures
-
Discussion
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
An alphabetical list of all other publications that the researcher has read, but has not referred to is _________.
Respuesta
-
References
-
Bibliography
-
Table of Contents
-
Citations
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
Which statement about documentation of facts is accurate?
Respuesta
-
Any fact in your paper must be documented;
-
Any facts included in a paper should be placed in quotation marks;
-
Facts that represent new information in a particular field of study need to be documented
-
No fact in your paper must be documented
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
Which of the following statements about documentation is true?
Respuesta
-
Because it is difficult to pinpoint the origin of a broad idea, ideas that are not quoted do not need to be documented;
-
Your own ideas must be documented;
-
Subjective information from sources, such as the interpretation or opinion of a writer, must be documented.
-
Common knowledge facts need to be documented
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
In which system is the reference made: “Several recent studies [3, 4, 15, 22] have suggested that. . . .”
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
Which statement about documentation systems is accurate?
Respuesta
-
As the author of your paper, you usually have the right to decide which documentation system you use;
-
Most documentation systems are comprised of two parts: citations within the paper, and a list of sources at the end of the paper;
-
Most documentation systems specify that background information on your topic does not have to be documented.
-
All documentation systems require citation of all sources.
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
Which statement about use of quotations from sources is true?
Respuesta
-
Quotations should always be full sentences
-
Quotations should never be full sentences;
-
Quotations may be full sentences, or they may be parts of sentences, depending on your paper's needs.
-
One should never produce quotations longer than 10 lines.
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
What are the general guidelines for documenting online sources?
Respuesta
-
Online sources, including Web pages, are acceptable and should be documented;
-
Online sources are disapproved in APA style because they often lack scholarly credibility;
-
Online sources do not need to be identified by year of publication in the in-text citation.
-
online sources are documented in the same way as other sources
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
Which DS is mostly used in the Humanities:
Pregunta 83
Pregunta
Which DS is mostly used in the Exact sciences:
Pregunta 84
Pregunta
Which DS is mostly used in Linguistics, Philology:
Pregunta 85
Pregunta
In IEEE documentation system:
Respuesta
-
Each appendix should have its own reference list.
-
Each appendix need not have any reference list
-
There should not be any appendices.
-
Each appendix may have its own reference list.
Pregunta 86
Pregunta
Which DS is mostly used in History:
Pregunta 87
Pregunta
IEEE style encloses citation numbers within the text of a paper
Respuesta
-
in square brackets [1]
-
as superscripts1
-
in bracketed form ( )
-
in a footnote
Pregunta 88
Pregunta
In which DS is the list of sources used presented NOT alphabetically:
Pregunta 89
Pregunta
Which DS uses end-notes/footnotes?
Pregunta 90
Pregunta
Which DS as known as the author- year style:
Pregunta 91
Pregunta
Which DS puts emphasis on the publication currency
Pregunta 92
Pregunta
In which system is the reference made: “Widlow (1) discovered that cells injected with…”
Pregunta 93
Pregunta
In which system is the reference made: “Three hundred poets were part of the study (Foozle, 1977) that…”
Pregunta 94
Pregunta
In IEEE citations are numbered
Pregunta 95
Pregunta
In IEEE citations are numbered
Pregunta 96
Respuesta
-
All references to one and the same source have different numbers
-
references are not numbered
-
All references to one and the same source have the same number
-
There may not be several references to one and the same source
Pregunta 97
Pregunta
All of these mean “to skim” EXCEPT for:
Pregunta 98
Pregunta
. A summary of scholarly source material on a particular topic is called a/an _______________.
Respuesta
-
abstract
-
literature review
-
analysis
-
executive summary
Pregunta 99
Pregunta
The use of someone else’s writing or ideas without proper documentation is called a/an _____.
Respuesta
-
paraphrase
-
plagiarism
-
citation
-
quotation
Pregunta 100
Pregunta
All of these are purposes of Literature Review EXCEPT for:
Respuesta
-
to study and understand the previous research works on your topic;
-
to find out major concepts, theories and conclusions in your topic;
-
to design your research
-
to identify areas of controversy in the literature;
Pregunta 101
Pregunta
All of these are sources for Literature Review EXCEPT for
Respuesta
-
electronic databases
-
CD-ROMs
-
libraries
-
journals
Pregunta 102
Pregunta
To provide ________ while taking notes look for works that express a variety of viewpoints on your topic.
Respuesta
-
reliability
-
coverage
-
bias
-
depth
Pregunta 103
Pregunta
A disadvantage of _____________ is that the information is less referred and not always reliable.
Respuesta
-
books
-
journals
-
theses
-
internet sources
Pregunta 104
Pregunta
An advantage of ______________ is that they are up to date.
Respuesta
-
theses
-
audio-visual materials
-
books
-
periodicals
Pregunta 105
Pregunta
Put the following strategies for reading in order:A. Take notes while reading;
B. Critically analyse and summarise the information from the works you read;
C. Read only relevant and significant works;
D. Mainly concentrate on the ideas not on the individual publications;
E. Decide what types of literature you need
Pregunta 106
Pregunta
Which expression shows that the author disagrees with smb’s point of view?
Respuesta
-
In line with the above….
-
Contrary to this opinion the author maintains that…
-
This controversy has been addressed more than once.
-
According to this author…
Pregunta 107
Pregunta
Which of the following is plagiarism?
Respuesta
-
a summary of scholarly source material on a particular topic
-
the use of someone else’s words, ideas, or line of thought without acknowledgment
-
a list of sources which are actually cited in the paper
-
the use of someone else’s words, ideas, or line of thought
Pregunta 108
Pregunta
Literature review section should make up ___% of the whole paper.
Pregunta 109
Pregunta
Which statement about the use of books as a source is true?
Respuesta
-
Books typically offer broad coverage of a topic
-
Books are becoming outdated as sources for research papers.
-
Books are always available when you need them
-
Books are a current source of information
Pregunta 110
Pregunta
Which of the following would be considered plagiarism?
Respuesta
-
Properly documenting a quotation but forgetting to surround it with quotation marks.
-
Using source material
-
Quoting five lines or more from a source
-
Properly documenting a quotation
Pregunta 111
Pregunta
All of these should be included into Literature Review EXCEPT for:
Respuesta
-
controversial views on the problem under study
-
arguments and findings of other authors
-
your comments on other researchers’ vc,iews
-
the structure of the research project
Pregunta 112
Pregunta
When evaluating the usefulness of a source you would typically consider all of these EXCEPT for:
Respuesta
-
The popularity of the source in terms of sales numbers, readership, or online "hits."
-
Reliability factors such as the author's qualifications or the publisher's reputation.
-
The relevance of the source to your specific topic.
-
The source’s currency
Pregunta 113
Pregunta
Which approach is the most useful as an early step in evaluating sources?
Pregunta 114
Pregunta
The purpose of literature review is to _____________.
Respuesta
-
to get ideas about current approaches and methods
-
to explain why it is important to investigate the problem
-
to place the most important graphs/tables
-
to describe your research
Pregunta 115
Pregunta
All of these are sound purposes of reading for research EXCEPT for:
Respuesta
-
to learn what other researchers have done in your area
-
in order to spot areas which have not been researched
-
because your supervisor expects you to
-
to identify the problem areas in the field
Pregunta 116
Pregunta
Which expression shows that the author disagrees with smb’s point of view?
Respuesta
-
In line with the above….
-
Contrary to the opinion of…
-
This controversy has been addressed more than once.
-
The author rightfully maintains that…
Pregunta 117
Pregunta
The skill of summarizing is important for all of these reasons EXCEPT for:
Respuesta
-
it reflects the depth of understanding of a text;
-
it teaches you to keep track of the number of words in your paper
-
it teaches to differentiate between main and minor points;
-
it improves the skills of compression
Pregunta 118
Pregunta
Fidelity of your summary means that you__________.
Respuesta
-
represent the source accurately and comprehensively
-
convey briefly the textual information
-
cover all the important things
-
present the borrowed ideas in your own language
Pregunta 119
Pregunta
You need to quote to ______
Respuesta
-
prove that you have read the original
-
to give authority to your statements
-
make the note-taking process easier
-
make the note-taking process shorter
Pregunta 120
Pregunta
In a good summary you need to _______.
Respuesta
-
change all the author’s words
-
use the key words of the author
-
change none of the author’s words
-
reproduce the author’s ideas word-fot-word.
Pregunta 121
Pregunta
You need to summarize if
Respuesta
-
all you are interested in are the main points
-
you want to demonstrate your ability to compress
-
you want to prove that you have read the original
-
want to practice your language skills
Pregunta 122
Pregunta
Brevity of your summary means that you________
Respuesta
-
represent the source accurately
-
convey briefly the textual information
-
cover all the important things
-
represent the source comprehensively
Pregunta 123
Pregunta
A summary of scholarly source material on a particular topic is called a/an ________.
Respuesta
-
abstract
-
literature review
-
analysis
-
quotation
Pregunta 124
Pregunta
Compression of a whole text in your own words is called_______.
Respuesta
-
paraphrasing
-
quoting
-
summarizing
-
quotation
Pregunta 125
Pregunta
Completeness of your summary means that you_________
Respuesta
-
represent the source accurately
-
convey briefly the textual information
-
cover all the important things
-
represent the source comprehensively
Pregunta 126
Pregunta
The language of your summary should be ___ that of the original
Respuesta
-
as difficult as
-
easier than
-
more difficult than
-
as easy as the original.
Pregunta 127
Pregunta
Your summary should be clear and understandable to anyone who has _______
Pregunta 128
Pregunta
Which statement about using a quotation is true?
Respuesta
-
It is acceptable to omit words from a quotation as long as the original quote is still represented accurately
-
Blending quotation from a source with paraphrase from the same source is not a good idea in research writing;
-
Capitalization and final punctuation of quoted material may never be altered.
-
Capitalization and final punctuation of quoted material may never be preserved.
Pregunta 129
Pregunta
While writing a summary you do all of these EXCEPT for:
Respuesta
-
scanning for specific information
-
skimming for the main points
-
compressing the text
-
selecting the main points
Pregunta 130
Pregunta
The first sentence of your summary should ________
Respuesta
-
mention the author of the original
-
express the overall message of the text
-
present the publication record of the source
-
the purpose of summarizing
Pregunta 131
Pregunta
Your summary should meet all of these requirements EXCEPT for ________
Respuesta
-
fidelity
-
emotional tensity
-
coverage
-
brevity
Pregunta 132
Pregunta
A summary should be reduced to ___% of the original.
Pregunta 133
Pregunta
When writing a summary one should read the original ____
Respuesta
-
only once
-
at least twice
-
outloud
-
many times
Pregunta 134
Pregunta
A good summary ___ the original
Pregunta 135
Pregunta
When writing a summary avoid using such phrases as the author ______.
Respuesta
-
says
-
agrees
-
announces
-
supports
Pregunta 136
Pregunta
Which statement about the use of summary is correct?
Respuesta
-
Unlike paraphrases, summaries do not need to be documented.
-
When summarizing source material, you can leave out some of the concrete details from the original if they are not necessary for your paper
-
Summaries, by their nature, are short and overly general. Therefore, summaries are not appropriate in research writing.
-
Summarizing is plagiarism.