Pregunta 1
Pregunta
select the epithelial ovarian tumours
Respuesta
-
granulosa cell tumor
-
thecoma
-
brenner's tumor
-
androblastoma
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
252: which of the following are epithelial ovarian tumors
Respuesta
-
thecoma
-
serous granuloma
-
dysgerminoma
-
brenner's tumor
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
253: which of the following are sex-ord stromal ovarian tumors
Respuesta
-
granulosa cell tumor
-
thecoma
-
dysgerminoma
-
androblastoma
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
254: which of the following ovarian tumors are benign
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
255: which of the following ovarian tumors are malignant
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
256: in fibro-cystic breast disease we find the following
Respuesta
-
solitary nodule
-
multiple nodules
-
cyst
-
papillary proliferations
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
257: in fibroadenoma of the breast we find
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
258: benign prostate hyperplaia is seen most commonly in
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
259: prostate carcinoma is usualy seen in
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
260: which two markers are valuable for the diagnosis of prostate cancer
Respuesta
-
PSA
-
HER2
-
PAP
-
estrogen receptors
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
261: what pathogenic mechanism can be used for the therapy of prostate carcinoma
Respuesta
-
hormonal therapy-antitestosterone drugs
-
hormonal therapy-antiprogesterone drugs
-
treatment with monoclonal antibodies
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
which of the following types of cancer metastasize to bone
Respuesta
-
ovarian cancer
-
renal cancer
-
breast cancer
-
thyroid gland cancer
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
bone metastases are observed in which of the following types of cancer
Respuesta
-
gastric cancer
-
ovarian cancer
-
prostate cancer
-
breast cancer
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
which of the following statements are true for graves disease
Respuesta
-
it is the most common cause for hypothyroidism
-
exopthalmus in some patients
-
pretibial myxedema
-
usually most patients are euthyroud
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
the following is true for grave's
Respuesta
-
it causes heroerthroidism
-
autoantibodies against TSH receptors
-
affects men more than women
-
thyroid stimulating igG is the cause
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
histiologically in grave's disease we can find
Respuesta
-
nodular colloid goiter
-
signs of thyroid hyperfunction
-
small thyroid follicles with small amounts of dilluted colloid
-
many resorbtive vacuoles in the thyroid
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
in nodular toxic goiter we can observe the following
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
which of the following are renal complications for diabetes
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
in goiter we observe
Respuesta
-
cystically dilated thyroid follicles
-
histological accomodation of the epitheloum lining the follicles
-
papillary folds of the epithelium of the follicles
-
diluted, scarce colloid
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
hashimoto thyroiditis is chaaracterized by
Respuesta
-
the thyroid follicles are dilated, filled with large amounts of concentrated colloid
-
atypical looking cells called oncocytes
-
the thyroid follicles are replaced by lymph follicles
-
these lymphoid follicles have pale germinal centres
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
pneumococcus usually causes infections of the cns in
Respuesta
-
newborns
-
adults
-
teenagers
-
toddlers
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
haemmophylus influenza is the most common etiological agent for infections of the CNS in
Respuesta
-
newborns
-
adults
-
teenagers
-
toddlers
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Escherichia coli is the most common etiological agent for infections of the CNS in
Respuesta
-
newborns
-
adults
-
teenagers
-
toddlers
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Neissaria meningitidis is the most common etiological agent for infections of the CNS in
Respuesta
-
newborns
-
adults
-
teenagers
-
toddlers
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Which of the following statements are true tumors for tumours of the CNS
Respuesta
-
metastatic tumours to the brain are more common than the primary
-
primary tumors of the CNS often metastasize outside the CNS
-
Primary tumors of the CNS almost never metastasize outside the CNS
-
most important factor for the outcome is the tumor location
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
which are the purposes of pathological autopsy
Respuesta
-
to accuse the clinicians of medical malpractice
-
to establish the cause of death and the definitive diagnosis
-
to help educate clinicians and to improve their work
-
to help the relatives of the deceased to convict the doctors
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
which are the donditions for an autopsy to be done
Respuesta
-
death occured in a hospital due to a disease
-
available medical history of the patient
-
presence of the treating doctor
-
all of the above
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
what are the characteristics of a frozen section
Respuesta
-
urgent diagnosis given during an operation
-
the preparation of the tissue samples is done by a parrafin method
-
the preparation of the tissue sample is done on a freezing microtome
-
sometimes the diagnosis is not exactly clear because of the preparation method but information like "malingant tumor", "benign tumor" or "inflammation" is given to the surgeons to know how to proceed with the operation
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
which fixative is most commonly used
Respuesta
-
bouin solution
-
absolute alcohol
-
formalin 10%
-
salts of heavy metals
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
what fixatives should be used for a liver biopsy from a baby with a suspected inherited metabolic disease
Respuesta
-
formalin 10%
-
1,5-4% glutaraldehyde
-
frozen section
-
zenker's fixative
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
what is the role of immiunohistochemical stains
Respuesta
-
to give urgent answers about the diagnosis or at least orientation about the pathological process during surgery
-
to determine the histogenesis of the tumor especially in highly undifferentiarted malignant tumors
-
to determine the proliferative activity and the hormonal receptros of the tumor that is highly important for the treatment
-
to help determine the cause of death
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
cytokeratin, S-protein, vimentin, desmin, CD-20 are examples of
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
in which cases a pathological autopsy is performed
Respuesta
-
when there is suspicion for diagnostic or therrapeutic malpractice
-
death of a person outside the hospital
-
when there is suspicion of violent death
-
death of a patient in the hospital and when the relatives dont ask the principal to cancen the autopsy
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
which of the followingd id not a part of performing an autopsy
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
size, shape, elasticity, consistency, color and cut surfaces are characteristics of
Respuesta
-
microscope examination of organs
-
gross examination of organs
-
ultramiscrscopic examination of organs
-
none of the listed
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
indicate correctly the name of the described test. The pericardial sac is cut in a Y-like section and filled with water, after that, in the presence of a witness, the right ventricle is punctured with a knife
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Indicate correctly the name of the described test: The pulmonary artery is cut at the place of truncus pulmonalis. Tweezers are inserted and the content of the artery is taken out for examination
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
indicate correctly the name of the described test: A pocket between the skin and the ribs is formed and is filled with water. In the presence of a witness, the thorax is punctured with a thin knife in an intercostal space
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
where is the main accumulation of glycogen in patients with diabetes
Respuesta
-
in epithelial cells of conovulated tubules and henle's loop
-
in epithelial cells of gastrointestinal mucosa
-
in the nuclei and in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes
-
endothelial cells of the vessels
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
the abnormal inclusions in the hepatpcytes in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Respuesta
-
glycogen
-
lipids
-
bile
-
proteins
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
PAS reaction with PAS control is used to distinguish
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
PAS control is done using
Respuesta
-
sulfuric acid
-
hydrocloric acid
-
amylase
-
picric acid
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
what is the relation between fatty degeneration of the liver and diabetes
Respuesta
-
there is no relation between them
-
patients with diabetes have increased intake of lipifd to provide more energy
-
the fatty liver in diabetes is caused by increased lipolysis and increased delivery of fatty acids in the liver
-
the fatty liver leads to diabetes mellitis
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
what is the adroid type of obesity
Respuesta
-
also called "male" ore "apple" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waist
-
also called "female" or "pear" type, it is the accumulation of luipids in the fatty cells around the hips, thighs and legs
-
generalized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders, and thorax
-
generalized obesity predominantly in the thighs, hips and legs
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
what is gynoid type obesity
Respuesta
-
also called "male" or "apple" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waist
-
also called "female" or "pear" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, tights and legs
-
generalized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders and thorax
-
generalized obesity predominantly in the thighs, hips and legs
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
what is upper type of obesity
Respuesta
-
also called "male" or "apple" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waist
-
also called "female" or "pear" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, thighs and legs
-
generalized obesity predominantly on the shoulders, face and thorax
-
generalized obesity predominantly on the thighs, hips and legs
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
what is lower type of obesity
Respuesta
-
also called "male" or "apple" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waist
-
also called "female" or "pear" type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the thighs, hips and legs
-
generalized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders and thorax
-
generalized obesity predominantly on the thighs , hips and legs
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
which obesity has the worse prognosis
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
haemolytic jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings
Respuesta
-
the increased indirect billirubin in the serum, hypercholic stoools and increased urobilinogen in the urine
-
both types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, oth bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urine
-
increased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, inccreased billirubin in the urine
-
none of the above
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
mechanical jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings
Respuesta
-
increased indirect billirubin in the serum, hypercholic stools and increased urobillinogen in the urine
-
both types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, oth bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urine
-
increased direct billirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, inctreased bilirubin in the urine
-
none of the above
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
parenchymal jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings:
Respuesta
-
increased indirect billirubin in the serum, hypercholic stools and increased urobillinogen in the urine
-
both types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, oth bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urine
-
increased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, increased bilirubin in the urine
-
none of the above
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
what is the common between fibrosis, sclereosis and cirrhosis
Respuesta
-
the common is the increased development of connective tissue in the organ
-
the common is the lipid accumulation in the interstitium of the organ
-
the common is the fibrinoud degeneration of the organ
-
they are different processes and dont have anything common between them
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
whay is the clinical significance of hyalinosis of the pancreatic arterioles
Respuesta
-
it an cause diavetes mellitus
-
it an cause pancreatic cancer
-
it an cause acute pancreatitis
-
hyalinosis in the pancreas is a physiological process related with aging
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
which stain is used to prove rheumatism in acute stage in a heart valve
Respuesta
-
prussian blue
-
toluidin blue
-
congo-red
-
pearls
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
mucoid swelling can be seen in
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
the necrosis which develops ar the base of an acure or chronic active ulcer in the stomach or duodenum is
Respuesta
-
coagulative
-
caseous
-
fibrinoid
-
liquefactive
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
indicate the correct statement(s) for he neogrosclerosis arteriolosclerotica
Respuesta
-
it affects micoscopically the afferent and efferent arterioles
-
it is a result of prolonged benign hypertension
-
it is a reversible process
-
the process is hyalinosis
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
what are the microscopic changes seen in the brain in benign long-term hypertension
Respuesta
-
hyalinosis of the vessel's walls
-
edema around vessels
-
accumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the soft brain membranes
-
development of specific granulomas in the brain tissues
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
the gross descriotion: thick, hard, glassy, whitish depositions, non-digestable by enzymes, is indicative for
Respuesta
-
steatonecrosis
-
liquefactive necrosis
-
hyalinosis
-
fibrinoid deposition
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
the following diseases are examples of amylid depositions. find the mistake
Respuesta
-
rheumatoid arthritis-AA amyloid
-
multiple myeloma-AL amyloid
-
medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland-AA amyloid
-
alzheimer's disease-A4 myeloid
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
sago spleen and lardaceous spleen are
Respuesta
-
gross appearamce of the localized (sago spleen) and generalized (lardaceous spleen) amyloidosis of the spleen
-
sago spleen is amyloidosis of the spleen, while lardaceous spleen is hyalinosis of the spleen
-
gross apperance of the spleen in hodgkin's lymphoma depending on on rhe severity of the process
-
in lardaceous spleen the amyloid is deposited in the white pulp only, while in sago spleen both the white and red pulp have amyloid deposition
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
systemic amyloidosis is proven by a biopsy from
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
what type of calcification develops in the complicated athereosclerotic plaques
Respuesta
-
metastatic
-
dystrophic
-
metabolic
-
physiological
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
which are the causes for hypocalcemia
Respuesta
-
hypoparathyroidism
-
hyperparathyroidism
-
intoxication with vit d
-
senile osteoporosis
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
what kind of gout can develop in a patient with leucemia
Respuesta
-
gout caused by excesive consumption of meat and meat products
-
genetic gout caused by an error in the metabolism of uric acid
-
renal injury because kidneys cannot excrete the excessive amount of uric acid
-
patient with leucosis never develop gout
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
which if the following microscopic desccriptions most likely suggestt kidney amyloidosis? te stain is H-E in all the described specimens
Respuesta
-
highly enlarged glomeruli. the capillary tufts filled almost all tof the capsular space. capillary lumens are obliterated; pink homogenous substance is deposited also in the mesangium, in the basement membranesof the tubules and in the walls of the blood vessels
-
afferent ans efferent arterioles have homogenously thick walls stained in pink, some of the glomeruli look smaller, with totally effaced structure and homogenously pink in colour, while others may look normal in size or even with compensatory hypertrophy
-
the interstitium shows chronic inflammatory reaction, the main change is seen in the kidney tubules which look dilated and filled with pinkish substance ( these tubules look like thryoid follicles )
-
many glomeruli showw crescent proliferations, encompassing 2/3 of the bowman;s space: the process ends with global sclerosis of the glomerulus
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
which of the following stain(s) is used to prove amyloidosis
Respuesta
-
pearls
-
congo-red
-
van gieson
-
methyl violet
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
mark the correct statement(s) for kidney amyloidosis
Respuesta
-
smallm shrunken kidneys with granular surgace and difficult decapsulation
-
enlarged pale kidneys with waxy texture
-
Amyloidosis affects only one of the kidneys and doesn;t lead to chronic renal failure
-
kidney amyloidosis is reversible after the treatment of the primary disease and has very good prognosis
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
granulomatous structures consisting of uric acid crystals, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and giant multinucleated cells type "foreign body" are characteristic for which disease
Respuesta
-
tuberculosis
-
sarcoidosis
-
gout
-
brucellosis
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
calcification of the aorta characterizes with;
Respuesta
-
hard, rigid wall of the aorta
-
soft, elastic wall of the aorta
-
can be complicated with mural thrombosis and aneurysm
-
is a result of metabolic calcification
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
renal complications of gout are
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
what type of necrrosis develops in the specific granuloma in tuberculosis
Respuesta
-
liquefactive necrosis
-
coagulative necrosis
-
caseous necrosis
-
steatonecrosis
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
which of the following terms are used to describe liquefactive necrosis of the brain
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
which type of necrosis develops in the pancreas
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
what type of necrosis develps in the specific granulooma in tuberculosis
Respuesta
-
liquefactive necrosis
-
coagulative necrosis
-
caseous necrosis
-
steatonecrosis
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
indicate the correct statement(s) for dyspasia
Respuesta
-
it is a proceess of disordered cellular development
-
it can develop in soft tissues
-
it can develop in tissues of epithelial origin
-
it is an adaptive process
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
corpora amylacea can be seen microscopically in
Respuesta
-
the glands of the uterine mucosa
-
the glands of the prostate
-
the kidney's of the convuluted tubules
-
the follicles of thyroid gland
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
how does the hypertrophic myocardium look like grossly
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
hyperplasia of the endometrium can be
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
what are the complications of prostate hyperplasia
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
which is the main complication after squamous metaplasia of the respiratory bronchial epithelieum
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
epistaxis and melena are examples of
Respuesta
-
edema
-
exudate
-
haemorrhage
-
venous congestion
Pregunta 83
Pregunta
what is hemascos
Pregunta 84
Pregunta
what is hematemesis
Respuesta
-
blood vomitting
-
blood in the excrements
-
nose bleeding
-
bleeding from the lungs
Pregunta 85
Pregunta
what is hemoptoe
Pregunta 86
Pregunta
which of the following liver changes is reversible
Respuesta
-
liver cirrhosis
-
liver cyanosis
-
nutmeg liver
-
liver amyloidosis
Pregunta 87
Pregunta
pin point hemorrhages in the brain usually have the following pathogenesis
Respuesta
-
per diapedesin
-
per rhexin
-
per diabrosin
-
all of the above
Pregunta 88
Pregunta
can thrombosis develop after death
Respuesta
-
yes, this is why we can see blood clots in vessels after death
-
no, thrombosis is a pathological process which develops only during lifetime
-
it can develop both during life and after death
-
it develops in the agony preceeding death
Pregunta 89
Pregunta
what is characteristic for the post-mortem blood clot
Respuesta
-
dry, crumbly, layered structre
-
moist, homogenous structure
-
attatched to the vessel's wall
-
unattatched to the vessel's wall
Pregunta 90
Pregunta
indicate types of embolism depending on the content of embolus
Respuesta
-
gas, air, amniotic
-
thromboembolism, fat embolism
-
arterial, venous
-
orrthograde, retrograde, paradoxal
Pregunta 91
Pregunta
indicate types of embolism according to the way of blood flow
Respuesta
-
gas, air, thromboebmoolism, amniotic, fat, parasite
-
orthograde, retrograde
-
arterial, venous
-
paradoxical
Pregunta 92
Pregunta
indicate types of embolism according to the character of the obturated blood vessel.
Respuesta
-
thromboemvolism, amniotiic, fat, gas, air embolism
-
arterial
-
venous
-
orthograde, retrograde, paradoxical
Pregunta 93
Pregunta
is it possible to prevenet embolism
Respuesta
-
no, it is something we cannot control or prevent
-
yes, by using anticoagulants
-
yes, by excercise in bed ridden atient and early getting up from bed after operation
-
yes, by staying in bed without moving after an operation
Pregunta 94
Pregunta
in which organ hemorrhagic infarction can develop
Respuesta
-
in organs with nutritive and functinoal blood circulation
-
in organs with nutritive circulation only
-
in organs with many anastomoses
-
hemmorhagic infarction can develop in any organ
Pregunta 95
Pregunta
indicate the organ(s) where hemorrhagic infarction is possible
Respuesta
-
liver
-
heart
-
lung
-
intestine
Pregunta 96
Pregunta
how can we prove amniotic embolism
Respuesta
-
microscopically, by finding amniotic fluid in the heart ventricle
-
grossly, by finding amniotic fliud in the right heart ventricle
-
microscopically, by finding amniotic particles such as lanugo, meconium etc. in the lungs
-
grossly, by finding amniotic particles in the lungs
Pregunta 97
Pregunta
why does an embolism develop
Respuesta
-
because of the dissolution of blood gases, especially axotic oxide, caused by fast decompression
-
because of the dissolution of blood gases, especially type, caused by fast compression
-
because the negative pressure of the opened blood vessels on the neck and head can lead to air entry
-
because the posiive pressure of the opened blood vessels on the neck and head can lead to air entry
Pregunta 98
Pregunta
what is needed for the development of hemorrhagic infarction of the lung
Respuesta
-
double circulation of the lung
-
thrombosis of a branch of a. bronchialis
-
thrombosis of branch a. pulmonis
-
chronic venous stagnation
Pregunta 99
Pregunta
what is te most common cause for the development of anemic infarction of the brain
Respuesta
-
thromvosis or embolism of a. cerebri anterior
-
thrombosis or embolism of a. cerebri media
-
thrombosis or embolism of a, cerebri posterior
-
thrombosis or embolism of a. basillaris
Pregunta 100
Pregunta
what is the gross appearance of a previous anemic infarction of the brain