Bio test #2 actual

The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm?

Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment ________.

Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. This bacterium's ability to survive in a human who is taking penicillin pills may be due to the presence of ________.

Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Adherence to the intestinal lining by this bacterium is due to its possession of ________.

Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Which of the following statements about the cell wall is most probable?

Use the information in the following paragraph to answer the question. A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. In which feature should one be able to locate a complete chromosome of this bacterium?

Which two species should have much more phospholipid, in the form of bilayers, in their cytoplasms than most other bacteria?

Which species is capable of directed movement?

How many of these species probably have a cell wall that consists partly of an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide?

Which of the following observations about flagella is accurate and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from eukaryotes and bacteria evolved independently?

Which of the following observations about flagella is accurate and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from archaea and bacteria evolved independently?

In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures?

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic (70S) ribosomes, but not eukaryotic (80S) ribosomes. Which of these questions stems from this observation, plus an understanding of eukaryotic origins?

Termites eat wood, but many do not produce enzymes themselves that will digest the cellulose in the wood. Instead, some termites house a complex community of protozoa, bacteria, and archaea that could help digest the cellulose. Imagine an experiment that fed termites either wood only or wood and antibiotics, and then measured the amount of energy extracted from the wood. If both groups gained equal amounts of energy, which of the conclusions is the most logical?

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?

The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?

A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts ________.

All protists are ________.

An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival?

Which of the following have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts) thought to be derived from ancestral green algae?

Use the following information to answer the question. Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "chromatophores." The chromatophores are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Which process could have allowed the nucleomorphs of chlorarachniophytes to be reduced, without the net loss of any genetic information?

Use the following information to answer the question. Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "chromatophores." The chromatophores are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants. The closest living relative of P. chromatophora is the heterotroph P. ovalis. P. ovalis uses threadlike pseudopods to capture its prey, which it digests internally. Which of the following, if observed, would be the best reason for relabeling P. chromatophora as a mixotroph instead of an autotroph?

Which of the following could occur only after plants moved from the oceans to land?

2) According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats ________.

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ________.

4) About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have ________.

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

6) Which of these events, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)?

Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?

Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because spores ________.

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants ________.

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to ________.

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants?

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes (stoneworts), then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include ________.

Which of the following environmental factors probably helped early plants to successfully colonize land?

A student encounters a pondweed that appears to be a charophyte. Which of the following features would help the student determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?

In the figure, which number represents the mature gametophyte?

In the figure, which number represents an embryo?

In the figure, meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number(s)?

Which number represents a megaspore mother cell in the figure?

In the figure, the process labeled "6" involves ________.

The fact that both charophytes and green plants contain chlorophylls a and b demonstrates which of the following?

Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be accurate?

Which of the following statements about the zygotes of plants is most likely to be accurate?

If animals had alternation of generations like plants, ________.

Apical meristems ________.

Which of the following statements about stomata is accurate?

The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to ________.

Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) ________.

Grades, as opposed to clades, ________.

Stomata ________.