Pregunta 1
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Fungi differ from animals by having a cell wall
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Mycoses is the incorrect term for diseases caused by fungi
Pregunta 3
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Select the Four correct statements about Fungi
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Eucaryote
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Prokaryote
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Unicellular/multicellular
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Reproduction -yeast by sexual (blastospores)
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Reproduction -yeast by budding (blastospores)
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Moulds - asexual or/and sexual spores
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Moulds - by budding
Pregunta 4
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Fungi are Prokaryotes
Pregunta 5
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Select the Three perfect growth conditions of Fungi
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Acidic pH (4-6)
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Tolerate high salt
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Tolerate low salt
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Aerobic
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Anaerobic
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Acidic pH (2-3)
Pregunta 6
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There are over 100,00 species of Fungi only ....
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200 cause disease
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400 cause disease
Pregunta 7
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A Saprophyte is a
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a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.
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a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on live organic matter
Pregunta 8
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A Dermatophyte is a pathogenic fungus that grows on skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails, feathers, and other body surfaces, causing ringworm and related diseases.
Pregunta 9
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[blank_start]Parasitic fungi[blank_end] are the second largest group, of whose members do a lot of serious damage. Rather than obtaining their food from dead animals or plants, they prefer a living host, often attacking and killing, it then living on as a [blank_start]saprophytic fungi[blank_end].
Respuesta
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Parasitic fungi
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saprophytic fungi
Pregunta 10
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If an [blank_start]obligate parasite[blank_end] cannot obtain a host it will fail to reproduce. This is opposed to a [blank_start]facultative parasite[blank_end], which can act as a parasite but does not rely on its host to continue its life-cycle.
Respuesta
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obligate parasite
-
facultative parasite
Pregunta 11
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- A [blank_start]Dermatophyte[blank_end] is a pathogenic fungus that grows on skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails, feathers, and other body surfaces, causing ringworm and related diseases.
- A [blank_start]Saprophyte[blank_end] is a a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.
- [blank_start]Parasitic fungi[blank_end] are the second largest group, of whose members do a lot of serious damage. Rather than obtaining their food from dead animals or plants, they prefer a living host, often attacking and killing, it then living on as a saprophytic fungi.
- A [blank_start]facultative parasite[blank_end] is an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle.
Respuesta
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Dermatophyte
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Saprophyte
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Parasitic fungi
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facultative parasite
Pregunta 12
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1. [blank_start]Moulds[blank_end] - mycelial growth made of branching tubular filaments called hyphae
2. [blank_start]True Yeasts[blank_end] - unicellular
3. [blank_start]Yeast[blank_end]- like Fungi (yeast or short filament)
4. [blank_start]Dimorphic Fungi[blank_end] - yeast or mycelial depending on environment
Respuesta
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Moulds
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True Yeasts
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Yeast
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Dimorphic Fungi
Pregunta 13
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Select the correct classification of Fungi
Pregunta 14
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Select the correct classification of Fungi
Pregunta 15
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A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of more than one cell.
Pregunta 16
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Select the correct classification of fungus
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Yeast-like Fungi
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True Fungi
Pregunta 17
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[blank_start]Yeast-like[blank_end] fungi grow partly as yeast and partly as elongated cells resembling hyphae. The latter form a pseudomycelium.
Pregunta 18
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[blank_start]Dimorphic[blank_end] fungi are those fungi that exist either in yeast form or as mold (mycelial form) depending on environmental conditions, physiological conditions of the fungus or the genetic characteristics.
Pregunta 19
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What is this classification of Fungi?
Pregunta 20
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- [blank_start]Dimorphic[blank_end] fungi are those fungi that exist either in yeast form or as mold (mycelial form) depending on environmental conditions, physiological conditions of the fungus or the genetic characteristics.
- [blank_start]Yeast like[blank_end] fungi grow partly as yeast and partly as elongated cells resembling hyphae. The latter form a pseudomycelium.
- [blank_start]True Yeasts[blank_end] are fungi that grow as single cells, producing daughter cells either by budding (the budding yeasts) or by binary fission (the fission yeasts). They differ from most fungi, which grow as thread-like hyphae.
- A [blank_start]Mould[blank_end] is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae.
Respuesta
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Dimorphic
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Yeast like
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True Yeasts
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Mould
Pregunta 21
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Pregunta 23
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Fungi Growth Requirements - select four
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Aerobic
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Anaerobic
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Moist
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Dry
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Acidic pH (4 -6)
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Acidic pH (2 -3 )
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Temperature 25 - 30ºC
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Temperature 35 - 40ºC
Pregunta 24
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Sabouraud's agar is the perfect media to culture
Pregunta 25
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Sabouraud's agar has a
Pregunta 26
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Fungal reproduction:
[blank_start]Yeast[blank_end] - budding
[blank_start]Moulds[blank_end] - asexual/sexual
Pregunta 27
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- [blank_start]Binary fission[blank_end] is a simple reproduction method which involves mitosis followed by the splitting of a parent individual.
- [blank_start]Budding[blank_end] is a is a when the parent individually produces a smaller individual known as a ‘bud’ by mitotic cell division. This individual is attached to its parent individual and eventually becomes detached from its parent individual.
Pregunta 28
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Asexual spores of fungi:
• [blank_start]Sporangiospores[blank_end] – Spores inside sac called sporangium
• [blank_start]Chlamydospores[blank_end] – Spores within thickened cell wall of hyphae
• [blank_start]Conidiospores[blank_end] (Conidia) – naked spores in chains at hyphal tip
• [blank_start]Arthrospores[blank_end] – fragmentation of hyphae
• [blank_start]Blastospores[blank_end] – Form as buds
Respuesta
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Sporangiospores
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Chlamydospores
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Conidiospores
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Arthrospores
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Blastospores
Pregunta 29
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Select the correct type of asexual spores of fungi:
Pregunta 30
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Select the correct type of asexual fungal reproduction
Pregunta 31
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Select the correct asexual type of asexual reproduction
Pregunta 32
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Stages of sexual spore formation
• Mating types designated as “+” and “-”
1. Cells of + thallus and – thallus fuse [blank_start](Dikaryotic stage)[blank_end]
2. After several hours / years/ centuries nuclei fuse [blank_start](diploid stage)[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Meiosis[blank_end] of nucleus restores haploid state
4. [blank_start]Haploid[blank_end] nucleus partitioned into + and - spores
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(Dikaryotic stage)
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(diploid stage)
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Meiosis
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Haploid
Pregunta 33
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Select the Three classifications of Fungal Sexual Reproduction
Pregunta 34
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Tinea is caused by
Pregunta 35
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Select Two different conditions caused by Dermatophycoses
Respuesta
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TInea
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RIngworm
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Histoblasmosis
Pregunta 36
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Tinea is caused by Dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and M. gypseum
Pregunta 37
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[blank_start]Sporotrichosis[blank_end] is a [blank_start]sub-[blank_end]cutaneous disease caused by the infection of the fungus [blank_start]Sporothrix schenckii[blank_end]. It is usually introduced by thorn pricks or wood splinters
Respuesta
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Sporotrichosis
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Dermatophycoses
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Sporothrix schenckii
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Trichophyton rubrum
-
sub-
-
non-
Pregunta 38
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Systemic mycoses are fungal infections affecting internal organs.
Pregunta 39
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Select the Four different types of Systemic mycoses
Respuesta
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Histoplasmosis (H. capsulatum)
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Paracoccidoidomycosis (Paracoccidioides brasiliensis)
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Coccidiodomycosis (Coccidioides immitis)
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Blastomycosis (B. dermatitidis)
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Sporothrix schenckii
Pregunta 40
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Systemic Mycoses generally start from lung infection to spread to other areas of body.
Pregunta 41
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Candidosis, crytococcosis and pneumosystis pneumonia are diseases caused by opportunistic fungi. True or false?
Pregunta 42
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25% of worlds food is contaminated with mycotoxins, why don't they generally cause disease?
Pregunta 43
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Select the Five General Properties of Viruses
Respuesta
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Obligate intracellular parasite
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Host specific
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Size 10- 300 or 400 nm
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Genetic material either DNA or RNA
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Unable to grow on synthetic media
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Extracellular parasite
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Non-host specific
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Able to grow on synthetic media
Pregunta 44
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Differences of DNA and RNA:
RNA -
- RNA has a [blank_start]ribose[blank_end] sugar
- RNA nucleotides have a [blank_start]uracil[blank_end] base
DNA-
- DNA has a [blank_start]deoxyribose[blank_end] sugar
- DNA nucleotides have a [blank_start]thymine[blank_end] base
Respuesta
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ribose
-
uracil
-
deoxyribose
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thymine
Pregunta 45
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The classification of viruses is used via the Baltimore Scheme (based on nucleic acid)
Pregunta 46
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The Baltimore scheme has 6 different types of classifications
Pregunta 47
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What is this classification type of virus
Respuesta
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Class 6 - ss RNA positive sense with ds DNA intermediate before replication (retroviruses)
-
Class 1, double stranded DNA (ds DNA)
Pregunta 48
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The Baltimore Classification System is a scheme for classifying viruses based on the type of genome and its replication strategy.
Pregunta 49
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Select the definition of a Class 1 virus
Respuesta
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A double stranded DNA virus enters the host nucleus before it begins to replicate. It makes use of the host polymerases to replicate its genome, and is therefore highly dependent on the host cell cycle.
-
Most ssDNA viruses have circular genomes and replicate mostly within the nucleus by a rolling circle mechanism.
Pregunta 50
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Select the correct definition of a Class 2 virus
Pregunta 51
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Class 3 Virus is a double stranded RNA which replicates in the core capsid
Pregunta 52
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Class 4 virus is a
Respuesta
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+ssRNA Virus
-
-ssDNA VIrus
Pregunta 53
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Class 5 virus is a
Respuesta
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-ssRNA virus
-
double strand DNA virus
Pregunta 54
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Class 6 virus is a
Pregunta 55
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Class 7 virus is a
Respuesta
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ds DNA with positive sense, part ss DNA, with ss RNA intermediate (reversiviruses)
-
single stranded DNA (ss DNA)
Pregunta 56
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A - [blank_start]Spikes (projections)[blank_end]
B - [blank_start]Envelope (membrane)[blank_end]
C - [blank_start]Capsid (protein coat)[blank_end]
D - [blank_start]Capsomeres (capsid subunits)[blank_end]
E - [blank_start]Nucleic acid[blank_end]
Pregunta 57
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Caption C - Capsomeres (capsid subunits)
Pregunta 58
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D - Capsomeres (capsid subunits)
Pregunta 59
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Most human viral infections are caused by viruses that have [blank_start]iscosahedral[blank_end] or helicalsymmetries.
Pregunta 60
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Select the correct morphological type of virus
Pregunta 61
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What type of morphological virus is this?
Pregunta 62
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Helical or Eolyhedral are enveloped
Pregunta 63
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The Capsomere is a subunit of the capsid, an outer covering of protein that protects the genetic material of a virus. Capsomeres self-assemble to form the capsid.
Pregunta 64
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Class 1 - [blank_start]D[blank_end]
Class 2 - [blank_start]A[blank_end]
Class 3 - [blank_start]E[blank_end]
Class 4 - [blank_start]F[blank_end]
Class 5 - [blank_start]B[blank_end]
Class 6 - [blank_start]C[blank_end]
Class 7 - [blank_start]G[blank_end]
Pregunta 65
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Viral replication process:
1. [blank_start]Attachment[blank_end] – To host cell via specific receptor on cell membrane
2. [blank_start]Penetration[blank_end] – Entry into host cell (internalization)
– “Uncoats” – shedding protein shell
3. [blank_start]Replication of viral genome[blank_end] – This varies between viral types
– production of viral mRNA
– Production of early viral proteins
4. [blank_start]Production[blank_end] of late viral proteins (structural)
5. [blank_start]Assembly[blank_end] of the progeny virions
6. [blank_start]Release[blank_end] of virions from cell (budding or lysis)
Pregunta 66
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Viruses cause disease by two mechanisms:
Respuesta
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Replication within the host cell leading to direct damage of the cell
-
Host defenses leads to cell damage as it attempt to clear the virus infected cells
-
Replication within the host cell via lysis or budding
Pregunta 67
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Replication within the host cell leading to direct damage of the cell does not cause disease via this mechanism
Pregunta 68
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Host defenses leads to cell damage as it attempt to clear the virus infected cells is a disease causing mechanism
Pregunta 69
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A teratogen is an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus.
Pregunta 70
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A [blank_start]teratogen[blank_end] is an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus.
Pregunta 71
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Select the Six types of Viral Infections
Respuesta
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Teratogenic
-
Oncogenic
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Chronic
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Severe
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Latent
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Mild
-
Acute
-
Contageous
Pregunta 72
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In latent infections, overt disease is not produced, but the virus is not eradicated.
Pregunta 73
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Select the correct statement about Arthropod-borne diseases
Respuesta
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Humans contract arthropod-borne diseases when a pathogen, such as a bacteria or virus, is transmitted from its reservoir (natural host) to a human via the arthropod vector.
-
Arthropod-borne diseases are a type of persistent viral infection which is distinguished from a chronic viral infection.
Pregunta 74
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Select the Six viral modes of transmission
Pregunta 75
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Select the Six different types of Viral control and eradication:
Respuesta
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Heat
-
Vaccines
-
Anti-viral drugs
-
UV
-
Disinfectants
-
Ether
-
Anti-biotics
-
Vit. C
Pregunta 76
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Select the Five methods of viral diagnosis
Respuesta
-
Nucleic acid detection (PCR)
-
Isolation of virus – cell cultures, animal culture
-
Serological tests (blood samples)
-
Fluorescent microscopy
-
Electron Microscopy
-
Light microscope
-
Dip stick
Pregunta 77
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Insidious Infections: Something that is insidious is unpleasant or dangerous and develops gradually without being noticed.
Pregunta 78
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Select Three correct statements regarding Prions
Respuesta
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Contain no genetic material
-
Can arise spontaneously through mutation, but can also be transferred by consumption of infected nervous tissue
-
Proteins that can cause other proteins to fold incorrectly
-
Contain genetic materia
-
Uncontrolled multiplication of regular proteins
Pregunta 79
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Prion is a shortened term for
Respuesta
-
Proteinaceous Infectious Particle
-
Proteineous Infected Particle
-
Protein Abnormality Particle
Pregunta 80
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What are the names for Roundworms?
Pregunta 81
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What is the correct name for flatworms?
Pregunta 82
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The general term for worms are called [blank_start]Helminths[blank_end]
Flatworms are called [blank_start]Platyhelminths[blank_end]
Roundworms are called [blank_start]Nematodes[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Helminths
-
Platyhelminths
-
Nematodes
Pregunta 83
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Trichinella spiralis is found in which meat?
Pregunta 84
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What is the common name for 'Cestodia'?
Respuesta
-
Roundworms
-
Flatworms
-
Tapeworms
Pregunta 85
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Tichinella spiralis, Ascaris lumbicoides, Trichuris trichiura, Hookworms are a type of what?
Pregunta 86
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Trematodia (liver flukes, Fasciola hepatica) and Cestodia (tapeworm, Taenia sp) are a type of ...
Pregunta 87
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Platyhelminths are roundworms
Pregunta 88
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Why are nematodes (roundworms) infections so common?
Pregunta 89
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Select Four symptoms of Malaria
Respuesta
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fever
-
nausea
-
headache
-
chills
-
swelling
-
salivating
Pregunta 90
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Malaria causes symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea and headache, what is the reason for this?
Pregunta 91
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What is the main route of infection for parasites?
Pregunta 92
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Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis are what type of helminth?
Pregunta 93
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How do you detect Nematodes?