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Sensation & Perception FINAL

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All questions from past exams 2015-2017
Lilja Lahtinen
Test por Lilja Lahtinen, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Lilja Lahtinen
Creado por Lilja Lahtinen hace más de 6 años
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
Hue defines
Respuesta
  • a catalog of how much energy there is at each wavelength in a given light.
  • monochromatic light.
  • the relative amount of chromatic energy in a light source or surface.
  • A colour direction.
  • relative brightness (or what is sometimes referred to as lightness).

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
One fundamental restriction of trichromatic colour matching is that you can use
Respuesta
  • only those primaries that can also be used for hue-cancellation tasks in assessing colour opponency.
  • any three primaries as long as two of the three don't add up to match the third.
  • Only primaries which selectively activate each cone photoreceptor.
  • Only monochromatic or near chromatic light

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
Subjective contours can create the impression of
Respuesta
  • brightness
  • boundaries
  • form
  • other subjective colours
  • all of the above

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
The representation of sound on the basilar membrane is such that there are
Respuesta
  • resonance patterns of freely vibrating oscillators with a maximum position dependent on frequency.
  • resonance patterns of freely vibrating oscillators with a maximum position dependent on the amplitude of the sine wave.
  • traveling waves in an envelope whose maximum position depends on frequency.
  • standing waves with wavelength related to frequency.
  • traveling envelopes of vibrations related to the amplitude of the sound.

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
Which of the following is true about colour?
Respuesta
  • It is entirely a psychological property.
  • It is a fundamental property of light.
  • It is an inherent property of objects.
  • All of the above.

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
The term prägnanz refers to
Respuesta
  • a Gibbsonian principle of direct perception.
  • good form.
  • the parts being greater than the whole.
  • both a and b

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
Panum's fusion area is the delimited region
Respuesta
  • near the horopter surface where monocular images are confused.
  • where selective attention is given to monocular stimulation from one eye or the other.
  • near the horopter surface where binocular disparate images are fused.
  • where we get the impression of 3D given by a shadow of an object rotating in 2D.

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
How are sound frequencies arranged in the auditory cortex?
Respuesta
  • The cochlea and the primary cortex are tonotopically organized, but the intermediate stages are not.
  • Tonotopic organization is a feature of all parts of the auditory system.
  • The neural parts of the auditory system are tonotopic, but the cochlea is not.
  • The primary auditory cortex is not arranged according to frequency.

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
The psychophysically-derived auditory tuning curves reveal
Respuesta
  • an inverted U-shape characteristic of symmetrical sensitivity declines with flanking frequencies.
  • narrower tuning curves for lower frequency sinusoidal tones.
  • broader U-shaped curves at lower frequencies.
  • properties indicative of asymmetric masking profiles.

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
Objects located on the horopter surface will
Respuesta
  • appear as corresponding images on the two retinas
  • not appear at corresponding points on the two retinas
  • be perceived as moving faster relative to objects further away
  • look smaller than objects located in front of Panum's fusion area

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
The CIE diagram represents
Respuesta
  • all possible lights as combinations of three primary colours
  • the broadband loci for the visual system
  • all monochromatic lights
  • imaginary colours

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
The retina is exposed to 420 nm (extreme short wavelength) light. Light of this short wavelength will have its maximum effect on the ________________ opponent-process channel(s).
Respuesta
  • blue and green components of the r-g.
  • blue component of the y-b
  • blue and yellow components of the y-b
  • red component of the r-g

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
In the audition lecture, we learned that
Respuesta
  • inner hair cells are receptors designed to respond to sound wave frequencies.
  • mechanoreceptors of the inner hair cells are responsive to sound wave frequencies in scala tympani.
  • inner hair cells are more susceptible to disease than outer hair cells
  • there are more inner than outer hair receptors in the cochlea.
  • efferent fibres emerging from the inner hair cells project ipsilaterally to MGN and then to olivary nuclei.

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
Convergence of lines toward a single point in the horizon provides
Respuesta
  • familiar size cues
  • interposition cues
  • aerial perspective cues
  • linear perspective cues
  • texture cues

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
The trichromatic system is predominantly located in the
Respuesta
  • ipsilateral layers of the LGN which project to the blob regions of the cortex
  • higher visual pathway (i.e. the cortex)
  • lower visual pathway (i.e. the retina)
  • both b and c
  • none of the above (trichromacy is found throughout the visual pathway)

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
A patient who has deficits in correctly identifying objects they see, but has no trouble drawing or copying objects may be showing signs of...
Respuesta
  • apperceptive agnosia.
  • achromatopsia
  • associative agnosia
  • visuospatial dysagnosia
  • sensory ataxia

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
Transforming the R, G, B tristimulus space into a two-dimensional, Cartesian (x, y) coordinate system can be done by
Respuesta
  • normalizing the amount of primaries to the peak of the SWS spectral sensitivity function
  • using only imaginary primaries
  • converting the tristimulus values into a proportion of unit total energy
  • collapsing the B axis to 0.0
  • both c and d

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
Providing a context of expectations is an example of
Respuesta
  • bottom-up processing
  • the Feature Extracting Model
  • top-down processing
  • b and c
  • none of the above

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
The problem with template matching...
Respuesta
  • is that templates must be able to shift orientation/position to take into account all the different perspectives we can take of objects
  • features that are easily recognized as being the same class may be very different physically
  • a character may be recognized as one thing even though it more closely matches another
  • all of the above

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
Another word for an object's reflectance is:
Respuesta
  • umbra
  • albedo
  • retinex
  • sparkle

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
The cochlea codes for frequency by:
Respuesta
  • the place along the basilar membrane where action potentials are generated
  • the sum of action potential activity from a number of receptor cells along the basilar membrane
  • action potentials that are "phase-locked" to the stimulus frequency
  • all of the above

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
Changing the intensity of a stimulus can change the ______________ of the stimulus.
Respuesta
  • Hue
  • Colour
  • brightness
  • saturation
  • all of the above

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
The binocular depth cue convergence
Respuesta
  • involves a bulging of the lens.
  • involves the extraocular muscles of the eye
  • is effective only at distances greater than about 10 feet from the observer
  • involves a comparison of the images in the left and right eye
  • is monocular only because of its synkinetic relationship with accommodation (i.e. A/C ratio)

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
The pandemonium model is an excellent example of
Respuesta
  • parallel processing
  • serial processing
  • both parallel and serial processing
  • none of the above

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
The general premise of structuralism is that _________________.
Respuesta
  • the conscious experience must be considered globally
  • mental experiences result from a core set of elementary building blocks that are assembled together in the mind
  • the whole figure is saturated with a property as as unit that is not evident when it is broken down and analyzed as a collection of features
  • top-down processing best explains the processes involved in visual perception
  • c and d

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
Compared to the tuning curves (amplitude of vibration versus frequency) for a particular location on the basilar membrane, the tuning curve for a single cochlear nucleus cell receiving nerve fibres that contact the hair cells at the same location is
Respuesta
  • peaked at different frequency but identical width
  • peaked at the same frequency but somewhat narrower
  • identical
  • peaked at the same frequency but somewhat broader

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
An observation explained by opponent process colour theory and NOT by trichromatic colour theory is
Respuesta
  • we all require four names (red, yellow, green, blue) to name the colours of the spectrum
  • we require three primary colours (red, green, blue) to match any coloured light
  • there are three cone types, each with a different pigment
  • subtractive solour mixture does not follow the same laws as additive mixture

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
According to the Synthesizer Models, the two types of stimuli are characterized as
Respuesta
  • ventral and dorsal
  • proximal and dorsal
  • ventral and distal
  • proximal and distal

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
The increase spatial frequency of scene elements as distance increases provides
Respuesta
  • Panama's fusion area
  • texture gradients
  • motion parallax
  • elevation cues
  • linear perspective

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
Each spatial channel is ______ to a specific range of ______
Respuesta
  • optimally sensitive, frequencies
  • optimally sensitive, wavelengths
  • insensitive, colours
  • sensitive, intensities

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
In the Pandemonium model, what is the correct hierarchical order of the demons (detectors)?
Respuesta
  • feature, image, cognitive, decision
  • image, feature, cognitive, decisions
  • image, decision, feature, cognitive
  • feature, decision, image, cognitive

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
An important function of the ossicles in the middle ear is to
Respuesta
  • focus vibrations on the appropriate portion of the basilar membrane
  • equalize the pressures between the scala tympani and basilar membrane
  • prevent leakage of cochlear fluid
  • match the impedances between air and fluid of the cochlea

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
The area of the cochlea that sees the most hair cell activity is found at the ____ of the basilar membrane nearest the ____ window
Respuesta
  • apex, oval
  • bottom two-thirds, round
  • scala tympani, tectorial
  • scala vestibuli, round
  • base, oval

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
According to zone theory, the luminance channel is primarily driven by the
Respuesta
  • r-g and y-b cones
  • MWS and SWS cones
  • LWS cones
  • MWS and LWS cones
  • S cones because their genotypic similarity to the rods

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
Which law of organization dominates our perceptive of ---> ^ < >
Respuesta
  • simplicity
  • closure
  • proximity
  • similarity

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
The Gestalt principles of perceptual organization are based on the idea that
Respuesta
  • the whole figure is greater than the sum of its parts
  • the sum of the parts of a figure is greater than the whole
  • images are projected no the same retinal space
  • "Good" forms are hard to see

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
Colour constancy is the ability to assign correctly a judgement of
Respuesta
  • hue regardless of changes in narrowband illuminance
  • hue regardless of changes in broadband illuminance
  • whiteness or blackness regardless of changes in illuminance
  • whiteness or blackness exclusively under the same illuminance conditions

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
The reason that sunlight appears white is because
Respuesta
  • subtractive colour mixing predicts that sunlight is white
  • all other colours of the spectrum are absorbed by surrounding objects
  • white light is the only colour reflected by the sum
  • it is a mixture of all the spectral colours

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
The travelling waves on the basilar membrane of the cochlea
Respuesta
  • remain the same size as they travel from base to apex
  • change size as they travel, so they reach a maximum amplitude at a location typical for the sound frequency
  • can travel from apex to base if stimulation is at the apex
  • are actually stationary; it is their envelope that travels from apex to base
  • primary activate the OHC and not the IHC, because the OHC stereocilia are physically embedded in the tectorial membrane

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
The current best explanation for the apparent closeness of the horizon moon compared to the zenith moon depends on the relationship between registered distance (RD) and judged distance (JD) in which
Respuesta
  • RD makes the moon appear larger at the zenith
  • RD is always accurate, but JD varies with viewing conditions
  • RD is determined by visual angel, while JD is always its inverse
  • RD is based on the "flattened bowl" effect, JD is based on perceived distance distance derived from RD
  • RD and JD must differ because they are in separate pathways

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
Top-down processing implies
Respuesta
  • that "higher" processes modulate and guide the processing done at "lower" centers
  • the perception of the stimulus in its individual elements
  • the recognition of patterns which are upside down
  • the recognition of textures

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
On one side of a bipartite field is 100 photons of 500nm "green" light; on the other side is 100 photons of 660nm "red" light. If I want to minimize the brightness border between these two fields, what would I have to do?
Respuesta
  • Make them equiluminant by increasing the intensity on the 660nm side
  • Make them equally radiant by increasing the number of photons on the 500nm side
  • Filter both sides so that only monochromatic light arrives in my eyes, and then I make a brightness adjustment
  • Make them equiliminant by increasing the quantal number on the "green" side to accommodate V1

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
Top-down processing implies:
Respuesta
  • That "higher" processes modulate and guide the processing done at "lower" centres
  • The perception of stimulus in its individual elements
  • The recognition of patterns which are upside down
  • The recognitive of textures

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
Gilchrist showed that knowing the properties of an illuminant
Respuesta
  • will establish a lightness judgement when matching the grey Munsell chips
  • will establish a ratio match with the Munsell values
  • will move matching Munsell values value away from lower luminance values
  • all of the above

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
Quanta absorbed more by erythrolabe than chlorolabe pigments will more than likely activate the
Respuesta
  • r-g channel weighted towards the g component
  • r-g channel weighted towards the r component
  • y-b channel weighted towards the y component
  • luminance channel weighted towards the (LWS + MWS) - SWS components

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
From which of the following structures does the primary auditory cortex receive direct inputs
Respuesta
  • superior olivary complex
  • nucleus of the lateral lemniscus
  • medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
  • cochlear nucleus

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
In the pandemonium model, image demons ______
Respuesta
  • are equivalent to cortical neurons
  • seek evidence from the shouts of feature demons to recognize objects in the visual field
  • are equivalent to cells in V1 only
  • ultimately decide what pattern is present
  • report whether there is light at a particular place in the visual field

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
In the retinex theory, lightness is
Respuesta
  • built up from the ratios of luminance at various borders
  • built up exclusively from the mean luminance of the image
  • the same as brightness enhancement
  • defined as reflectance
  • the same as brightness

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
The above illusion is best exemplified by the ___ and is mediated by ___ (note the two black lines are the same lenght) <-----> vs. >-----<
Respuesta
  • Poggendorf illusion; false depth cues
  • Corridor illusion; shape constancy
  • Muller-Lyer illusion; texture and parallax cues
  • Pronzo illusion; false depth cues
  • familiarity of lines; all but the binocular depth cues

Pregunta 50

Pregunta
Most cortical cells tuned to disparities near the horopter surface, or to detecting crossings of the horopter surface, seem to be found
Respuesta
  • in the retina
  • in LGN
  • in the magnocellular pathways
  • in the parvocellular pathways

Pregunta 51

Pregunta
P1 latency is an evoked potential related to
Respuesta
  • The accumulated sum of delays in synaptic propagation through the central auditory pathways
  • Cortical and sub-cortical feedback loop activity in response to inner hair cell action potential
  • The ability of children with cochlear implants to understand speech as related to age
  • Ipsilateral and contralateral auditory pathway activity in the brainstem

Pregunta 52

Pregunta
Objects placed higher in the scene will tend to be perceived as being farther away due to
Respuesta
  • familiar size cues
  • interposition
  • elevation cues
  • binocular disparity
  • aerial perspective

Pregunta 53

Pregunta
Deuteranopes lack
Respuesta
  • LWS cones
  • SWS cones
  • MWS cones
  • y-b channels
  • Blue (or B-) cones

Pregunta 54

Pregunta
According to the recent Scientific American article "Seeing Forbidden Colours", Crane and Piantanida stabilized retinal coloured images using an eye tracker and demonstrated
Respuesta
  • the perceptual blending of "red" and "blue" bipartite fields across a diminishing border
  • the perceptual blending of "green" and "blue" bipartite fields across a diminishing border
  • the perceptual blending of "blue" and "yellow" bipartite fields across a diminishing border
  • the perceptual awareness of luminance in an otherwise isochromatic bipartite border
  • the perceptual shutdown of all chromatic signals across the diminishing bipartite border

Pregunta 55

Pregunta
The hue-cancellation technique
Respuesta
  • was used by Jameson and Hurvich in 1995 to reintroduce colour opponent as an extension of Ewald Hering's trichromatic theory
  • shows that the composition of spectral colours can be represented by three primaries
  • quantifies the strengths of the r-g and y-b channels across the spectrum
  • all of the above

Pregunta 56

Pregunta
Which pairs of points of the two eyeballs above represent the greatest amount of image disparity
Respuesta
  • A and G
  • B and J
  • D and H
  • C and H because they are foveal
  • C and A because both points are within the same eye

Pregunta 57

Pregunta
The person who looks smaller in the Ames room looks smaller because
Respuesta
  • she actually is smaller than the other person
  • she has a larger visual angle, so size constancy causes her to appear smaller
  • she has a small visual angle than the other person but appears to be at the same distance
  • she has the same visual angle than the other person but is actually much further away
  • she has a larger visual angle than the other person but appears to be at the same distance

Pregunta 58

Pregunta
This perceptual grouping refers to patterns or items that are moving in the same direction at the same speed
Respuesta
  • common fate
  • simplicity
  • proximity
  • continuity
  • motion parallax

Pregunta 59

Pregunta
We perceive the above figure as a dark circle superimposed onto a square because
Respuesta
  • of Pragnanz
  • humans tend to perceived dark shapes in front of lighter ones
  • we always desire to view obscured figural relations
  • humans tend to perceive complex shapes instead of simple ones
  • of Utah

Pregunta 60

Pregunta
The outer hair cells of the cochlea are responsible for
Respuesta
  • transduction of mechanical energy to electrical energy
  • sharpening and fine tuning of the traveling wave on the basilar membrane
  • acting as a disease resistant mechanism by regulating anaerobic metabolism in the cochlea
  • supporting the tectoral membrane of the Organ of Corti

Pregunta 61

Pregunta
Vibration of the basilar membrane
Respuesta
  • creates sheer forces on the stereocilia of hair cells
  • is amplified by the action of inner hair cells (IHC)
  • does not occur when the tensor tympani is contracted
  • Both a and b

Pregunta 62

Pregunta
Cochlear implants electrodes
Respuesta
  • are positioned along the cochlear length so that different tectorial membranes can be stimulated simultaneously
  • directly activate the auditory nerve by stimulating the nerve at different sites along the cochlear length
  • are useful only when the basilar membrane is intact
  • when the don't work the first time are removed and repositioned into place to ensure an accurate tonotopic map
  • both b and d

Pregunta 63

Pregunta
Black
Respuesta
  • is highly saturated
  • reflects all wavelengths unless the surface is subtractive
  • is a broad-band aperture colour
  • can only be seen by normal trichromats
  • is a relative colour based on surrounding light

Pregunta 64

Pregunta
When an artist mixes two or more pigmented paints, this is the result
Respuesta
  • there is more light in the mixture than in each component
  • the mixture allows the reflection of long and short wavelengths and prevents reflection of medium wavelengths
  • the mixture allows the reflection of long wavelengths and prevents reflection of the medium and short wavelengths
  • there is less light in the mixture than in any of the components
  • light reflected is based on which paints are combined in the additive mixture

Pregunta 65

Pregunta
The prolonging of P1 waveform latencies in late cochlear-implanted children is evidence for
Respuesta
  • Abnormal multisensory integration in children who receive auditory stimulation later in life
  • Parasitization of the auditory cortex by adjacent cortical regions
  • The abnormal integration of a normal visual system with an impaired auditory system
  • Increased cortical plasticity of the visual cortex
  • All but d

Pregunta 66

Pregunta
What attaches to the round window in the cochlea?
Respuesta
  • the incus, thereby acting as a fulcrum
  • the stapes, which exerts pressure in the fluid filled cochlear chambers
  • the malleus, which exerts pressure on the tympanic membrane
  • Reissner's membrane, necessary for tectorial membrane actions on the outer hair cells
  • none of the above

Pregunta 67

Pregunta
A systematic relationship between the spatial position of cortical cells and the frequencies of sound to which those cells are sensitive is known as a
Respuesta
  • sonotopic map
  • acoustic map
  • auditory map
  • tonotopic map
  • pinna map

Pregunta 68

Pregunta
The fact that all colours may be matched with a set of three primary demonstrates that
Respuesta
  • all colours contain only three wavelengths
  • at some point in the visual system, there are three independent chromatic systems
  • no two of the three cones types can be sensitive to any given wavelength
  • colour is NOT processed by opponent systems

Pregunta 69

Pregunta
The cochlear is responsible for:
Respuesta
  • balance and hearing
  • ear infections
  • transduction of mechanical energy to action potential
  • fine tuning of the traveling wave through efferent signals from the auditory cortex

Pregunta 70

Pregunta
Which of the following Gestalt laws states that items that share common features will be grouped together?
Respuesta
  • closure
  • similarity
  • proximity
  • common fate

Pregunta 71

Pregunta
The binding problem in the feature integration theory refers to
Respuesta
  • how objects are combined in a visual scene
  • how some features are more salient than others
  • how past experiences influences our perceptual interpretations
  • how elementary features are assembled into a visual objects

Pregunta 72

Pregunta
In the assigned reading on "Forbidden Colours", participants were able to see novel colours that are usually impossible to perceive (e.g, blueish-yellow) when ______
Respuesta
  • the participants stared at fields of colours separated on the horizontal axis that were motionless, with one field distinctly brighter than the other
  • the participants stared at side-by-side fields of opponent colours that were constantly in motion irrespective of luminance
  • the participants stared at side-by-side fields of opponent colours that were motionless and matched for luminance
  • both a and c

Pregunta 73

Pregunta
To perceptually distinguish objects that differ solely on wavelength, we need a minimum of ___ different receptor mechanisms
Respuesta
  • one
  • two
  • three
  • four
  • any number as long as the photoreceptors neurologically converge to 3 types of ganglion cells

Pregunta 74

Pregunta
(Using the above CIE figure to answer this question) Which of the following loci (designated by letters) will appear to have the least amount of saturation?
Respuesta
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • None of the above

Pregunta 75

Pregunta
(Using the above CIE figure to answer this question) Which pair of wavelengths (connected by continuous lines) are complimentary?
Respuesta
  • the 580-480nm pair because the connecting line cutes through point B
  • the 500-560nm pair because the connecting line cuts through the "green" region of the CIE
  • the 540-450nm pair because the connecting line is near the collapsed origin
  • the 520nm - 0.6 x-coordinate because the connection line cuts through the alychne and non spectral purples

Pregunta 76

Pregunta
To determine the dominant wavelength of colour specified at locus C, you would need to
Respuesta
  • draw a line through point C to the opposite side of the graph and locate the wavelength where the line bisects the spectral curve
  • determine the distance from C to point B
  • draw a line from point C to the origin and measure the saturation distance
  • draw a line through point C and B and measure the bisecting point on the spectral curve nearest to C

Pregunta 77

Pregunta
If you were to adapt to a red vertical grating and a green horizontal grating by alternately viewing one and then the other, and then inspect a pattern made of black and white gratings of the same frequency, what would you see
Respuesta
  • the vertical black and white areas would appear greenish, and the horizontal areas would appear reddish
  • the vertical black and white areas would appear yellowish, and the horizontal areas would appear bluish
  • the vertical black and white areas would appear reddish and the horizontal areas would appear greenish
  • the vertical black and white areas would appear bluish and the horizontal areas would appear yellowish

Pregunta 78

Pregunta
Julesz's experiments with random dot stereograms show that
Respuesta
  • it is possible to perceive depth based only on the cue of overlap
  • it is possible to perceive depth when there is no disparity
  • it is possible to perceive depth when there is only disparity
  • motion parallax is necessary for depth perception

Pregunta 79

Pregunta
The different motion velocities of objects at different distances (with a movement direction opposite that of an observe's) is called
Respuesta
  • fusion area
  • binocular parallax
  • motion parallax
  • kinetic depth effect

Pregunta 80

Pregunta
What the Muller-Lyer, Pronto and Ames room illusion have in common is that they all involve
Respuesta
  • shape constancy
  • good-form conflicts
  • form and shape conflicts
  • size and depth conflicts

Pregunta 81

Pregunta
The problem of the missing fundamental may be explained by supporting that
Respuesta
  • the brain reconstructs the missing fundamental based on an analysis of the hormonic components
  • the peak in the basilar membrane corresponds to the fundamental frequency
  • cochlear neurons fire at a rate that corresponds to the fundamental frequency
  • none of the above

Pregunta 82

Pregunta
The perception of "green" is due to
Respuesta
  • approximately equal stimulation of LWS and MWS cones
  • a greater stimulation of MWS than LWS cones
  • the stimulation of primarily LWS cones
  • a decreased weighted "green" opponent response

Pregunta 83

Pregunta
According to the concept of simultaneous contrast _________
Respuesta
  • An object of moderate reflectance is most accurately perceived when presented against a black background
  • An object of moderate reflectance looks darker in front of black background that it would in front of a white background
  • An object of moderate reflectance looks the same regardless of background colour
  • An object of moderate reflectance is most accurately perceived when presented against a white background
  • An object of moderate reflectance looks lighter in front of a black background than it would in front of a white background

Pregunta 84

Pregunta
What was one of the fundamental advantages of chromatic opponent that was discussed in class?
Respuesta
  • it enables individuals to have greater sensitivity to longer and shorter wavelengths
  • it allows for the perception of magentas, purples, etc. that use both LWS and SWS cone inputs
  • differencing operations enables the brain to discriminate wavelength signals more efficiently
  • it enables individuals to produce signals that are both chromatic and luminance based

Pregunta 85

Pregunta
(Use this figure to answer question) Two eyes above are fixating on point X. Three points A, B and C are located at the positions shown in the diagram. Which point will result in retinal images that have the least amount of disparity
Respuesta
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • both A and C if they lie in Panama's fusion area

Pregunta 86

Pregunta
(Use this figure to answer question) In the same image diagram, Panum's area is delineated by which arc(s)?
Respuesta
  • r and s
  • s and q
  • r and q
  • q only
  • r only

Pregunta 87

Pregunta
(Use this figure to answer question) Referring to the above diagram, which point(s) will produce crossed disparity?
Respuesta
  • A
  • A and B
  • C
  • X
  • C and X

Pregunta 88

Pregunta
(Use this figure to answer question) Objects located on arc q will produce
Respuesta
  • images that are crossed
  • images that are uncrossed
  • crossed disparity
  • corresponding images

Pregunta 89

Pregunta
Data from experiments on afterimages, complementary colours, and colour naming support a(n)
Respuesta
  • monochromatic model
  • opponent process model
  • trichromatic model
  • hierarchical, top-down model

Pregunta 90

Pregunta
Which of the following statements was not made by Gestalt theorist
Respuesta
  • a subjective experience and its underlying neural event have similar structures
  • complex perceptions can be understood by identifying the elementary parts of experience
  • the whole is different from the sum of its part
  • shape and melody are examples of emergent properties
  • stimuli create electric fields in the brain that interact and converge toward a state of minimum energy

Pregunta 91

Pregunta
Many of the great Impressionistic artists
Respuesta
  • were on drugs
  • used the principles of assimilation to convey colour contrasts
  • used the subtractive mixing principles of pigment to convey properties of light in their paintings
  • relied on additivity to convey properties of light
  • both b and d

Pregunta 92

Pregunta
In additive colour mixing, there is
Respuesta
  • more light in the mixture than in any component
  • less light in the mixture than in any component
  • a constant amount of light in both the mixture and any component
  • only light mixture: you cannot demonstrate additive mixture using coloured pigments
  • selective filtering of certain wavelengths over others

Pregunta 93

Pregunta
The transduction from mechanical energy (sound) into neural energy in the ear takes place when
Respuesta
  • the tectorial membrane is bend, allowing perilymph and endolymph to mix
  • traveling waves push the endolymph through the helicotrema
  • the rods of Corte are pressed against Reissner's membrane, opening chloride channels
  • the cilia on hair cells are sheared sideways, causing depolarization

Pregunta 94

Pregunta
Sound waves are transducer into mechanical energy in the ____ and then into neural signals in the _____
Respuesta
  • middle ear, cochlea
  • cochlea, inner ear
  • auditory meatus, middle ossicles
  • inner ear, middle ear
  • basilar membrane, tectorial membrane

Pregunta 95

Pregunta
The monocular depth cue, aerial (or atmospheric) perspective is due in part to
Respuesta
  • linear perspective
  • size familiarity
  • Rayleigh light scatter
  • stereoscopic fusion

Pregunta 96

Pregunta
Which light source shows a high spike of energy at just one wavelength
Respuesta
  • tungsten light bulb
  • laser
  • fluorescent light bulb
  • sunlight

Pregunta 97

Pregunta
The grouping of feature into figures is referred to as a
Respuesta
  • pre-attentive process
  • conscious process
  • principle of proximity
  • principle of similarity

Pregunta 98

Pregunta
The pattern of firing of a single auditory nerve finer in response to a 500 Hz tone is likely to be (Note: the period of a 500 Hz wave is 2 msec)
Respuesta
  • fairly random, with intervals between successive spikes of almost any duration
  • tightly synchronized with the sound wave, with one impulse every 2 msec
  • uncorrelated with the phase of the sound wave, but with intervals of 500 msec
  • synchronized with the phase of the sound wave, with intervals of 2 msec, 4 msec, 6 msec, etc. (all multiple of 2 msec)

Pregunta 99

Pregunta
In the figure above, the circle marked "A" may appear larger than the one marked "B" (although they are the same size). This may be because
Respuesta
  • circle "A" appears closer
  • circle "B" appears closer
  • "A" subtends a larger visual angle
  • the lines cause a misrepresentation of the visual angles, making the angles for "B" seem larger

Pregunta 100

Pregunta
A test disk whose luminance is 50 miliLambert (mL) is viewed against a 25mL background. A comparison disk is viewed against a 100mL background; the subject's task is to set the luminance of the comparison disk so that it appears the same "lightness" as the test disk. According to Retinex, the comparison disk should be set to about
Respuesta
  • 50 mL
  • 75 mL
  • 125 mL
  • 200 mL
  • 250 mL

Pregunta 101

Pregunta
The auditory receptors in the inner ear are near or in contact with the
Respuesta
  • Corti cells
  • listeners
  • tectorial membrane
  • hair cells
  • Reissner's membrane

Pregunta 102

Pregunta
In a pure tone, the pressure change from baseline to the peaks of the sinusoidal function is called the
Respuesta
  • frequency
  • pitch
  • intensity
  • amplitude

Pregunta 103

Pregunta
In order to achieve colour constancy, you need
Respuesta
  • surrounding complexity to judge luminance and/or chromatic border ratios
  • knowledge about the illuminant
  • a broadband illuminant
  • surface and shadow cues that help define the spectral nature of the illuminant
  • all of the above

Pregunta 104

Pregunta
The speed of sound is dependent upon
Respuesta
  • the characteristics of the medium
  • the intensity of the sound
  • the sound frequency
  • none of the above

Pregunta 105

Pregunta
The detection of spatial frequencies is premised on the existence of _____ in the visual system
Respuesta
  • multiple spatial frequency channels
  • one large Fournier analyzer
  • ganglion cells
  • cognitive demons

Pregunta 106

Pregunta
The fact that a middle C can be played on a piano, flute, and guitar, yet sound different, is called
Respuesta
  • pitch
  • timbre
  • frequency
  • harmonics

Pregunta 107

Pregunta
(Using the distance of test vs. size of comparison graph) The graph above shows the results of Holway and Boring's size estimation experiment in which observers set the size of a comparison circle so it matched their perception of the size of a test circle. Which line best characterizes size constancy with dept information present?
Respuesta
  • A
  • B
  • C

Pregunta 108

Pregunta
(Using the distance of test vs. size of comparison graph) Which line represents size estimation based solely on image height (visual angle)?
Respuesta
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • none of the above, size estimation is not possible based solely on visual angle

Pregunta 109

Pregunta
Which of the following is true of dichromatic vision?
Respuesta
  • three primaries are still needed for colour matching
  • colour matches can be made on the basis of only two primaries
  • dichromate can only perceive contrast differences
  • colour matches can be made on the basis of a single primary
  • none of the above

Pregunta 110

Pregunta
In order to test saturation discrimination, experiments measure
Respuesta
  • how much a "red" light needs to be added to another coloured light of equal luminance before it looks different from a pure coloured light
  • how much of a coloured light needs to be added to another before the mixture looks grey
  • how much of a coloured light needs to be added to a white light before it looks different from a white light
  • how much of a "black" light needs to be added to a coloured light before it looks grey

Pregunta 111

Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT a complication regarding the relationship between frequency and pitch?
Respuesta
  • Changes in a tone's intensity has a different effect on high and low frequency tones.
  • A particular pitch sensation may occur in the absence of the signal that corresponds to that particular frequency
  • The intensity of a tone can affect its pitch even when the frequency remains unchanged
  • all of the above are complications.

Pregunta 112

Pregunta
If motion perception is mainly a function of the magnocellular system, then what do you think would happen if you were to move (drift) equiluminant red and green stripes?
Respuesta
  • The stripes will appear to stop moving.
  • The perceived speed of the moving gratings will accelerate.
  • The red striped will appear green, and the green stripes will appear red.
  • Both A and C

Pregunta 113

Pregunta
The U-shaped profile of the minimum audibility curve cannot be due to the cochlea because
Respuesta
  • the basilar membrane responds differently to different frequencies
  • the basilar membrane's mechanical response function is for the most part similar across a range of frequencies.
  • The U-shaped profile of the minimum audibility curve is due to the cochlea.
  • its mechanical response function differs across a broad range of frequencies.

Pregunta 114

Pregunta
Colour constancy does not occur when
Respuesta
  • the scene is viewed under aperture conditions
  • objects are viewed through a tube whereby only a small part of the scene is in view
  • objects are viewed under narrow-band light sources
  • all of the above

Pregunta 115

Pregunta
When we change the accommodative state, this gives us clues about distance because
Respuesta
  • far objects require less optical power than close ones
  • near objects require less optical power than more distant ones.
  • focusing on distant and then close objects requires more optical power than focusing on close objects and then distant
  • none of the above.

Pregunta 116

Pregunta
The current view regarding pitch perception with a complex musical tone is that
Respuesta
  • the spatial pattern of peak wave activity on the basilar membrane is recognized by the brain as a single pitch.
  • only the harmonics activate the basilar membrane
  • only the fundamental frequency activates the basilar membrane
  • it is perceived as multiple frequency components

Pregunta 117

Pregunta
In order to successfully use the retinal image size is a cue for distance, you must
Respuesta
  • be familiar with the objects to know its approximate size
  • use both of your eyes to determine who much the eyes are converging on the object
  • both of your eyes to compare the retinal image size in each eye
  • none of the above

Pregunta 118

Pregunta
A Fourier analysis is
Respuesta
  • a representation of the frequency and amplitude of a complex period pattern into a single function.
  • a way of combining individual sine waves into a complex period pattern
  • the mathematical process of decomposing a complex period pattern into a series of sine wave functions
  • none of the above.

Pregunta 119

Pregunta
The fact that the colour appearance of a light or object depends on the surrounding colours is called
Respuesta
  • wavelength discrimination threshold
  • colour constancy
  • colour contrast
  • chromatic efficiency

Pregunta 120

Pregunta
Which of the following stimuli will cause the largest activity in V4?
Respuesta
  • Alternating black and white striations
  • A steady, circular monochromatic stimulus.
  • A white "bouncing ball" presented on a CRT
  • A brightly coloured Mondrian

Pregunta 121

Pregunta
What is the different between conductive loss and sensorineural loss?
Respuesta
  • no difference, the are the same condition
  • conductive loss involved outer and middle ear, sensorineural loss involves the inner ear
  • sensorineural loss involves outer and middle ear, conductive loss involves the inner ear
  • the former is due to a congenital disorder only

Pregunta 122

Pregunta
A pattern in which figure and ground can be interchanged such that two different patterns can be perceived are called
Respuesta
  • subjective contours
  • impossible figures
  • ambiguous figures
  • metacontrast figures

Pregunta 123

Pregunta
Phase locking occurs when
Respuesta
  • the sensitive period for cortical plasticity ends
  • one or more inner hair cells generate action potentials synchronous with stimulus frequency
  • inner hair cell activity cannot replicate the traveling wave on the basilar membrane
  • P1 latency is high, suggesting abnormal action potential propagation

Pregunta 124

Pregunta
Light that is not reflected is ______ by an object, and this is dependent on the ______ of the objects surface
Respuesta
  • refracted; pigment and texture
  • exuded; density and size
  • absorbed; pigment and texture
  • mirrored; density and pigment
  • none of the above

Pregunta 125

Pregunta
The colour signal refers to
Respuesta
  • the surface reflectance properties as it selects certain wavelengths over other
  • the reflected light entering the eyes after considering the spectral content of incident light and surface reflectance.
  • the spectral content of the illuminant and how this affects the absorption properties of the L, M, and S cones.
  • the surface transmittance filtering properties that are essential for surface invariance.

Pregunta 126

Pregunta
The response of a +Y-B cell in the LGN ("yellow"cell) to a flash of 520 nm ("bluish) light is
Respuesta
  • increased firing at onset, decreased firing at offset
  • decreased firing at onset, increased firing at offset
  • no response
  • increased firing at both onset and offset

Pregunta 127

Pregunta
One way that sound intensity is translated into loudness by the brain is
Respuesta
  • by the pressure exerted on the round window
  • by the amount of pressure that is felt on the eardrum
  • by assessing the subset of auditory neurons firing for each specific intensity
  • none of the above

Pregunta 128

Pregunta
A central input of S cones in an excitatory manner along with a flanking inhibitory input from both L and M cones
Respuesta
  • can account for a B+ central; Y- surround double opponent cell
  • can account for a Y+ central; B- surround double opponent cell
  • can account for a B+ central; Y- surround achromatic Type 1 cell
  • can converge to produce an L+M in tandem "yellow" responding cell
  • will produce an L-M antagonistic "red/green" opponent ganglion cell

Pregunta 129

Pregunta
What is meant by "constancy"?
Respuesta
  • the physical characteristics of objects do not change under different viewing conditions
  • the physical characteristics of objects are only the same under the same viewing conditions
  • an unchanging illuminant
  • an object must be maintained a the same orientation to identify it

Pregunta 130

Pregunta
If I am making a judgment of colourations in a complex scene with the brightest area of the scene serving as a reference point, I can make
Respuesta
  • brightness judgments that are dependent on intensity only
  • lightness judgments necessary for constancy
  • chroma judgments
  • assess the properties of related colours
  • all but A

Pregunta 131

Pregunta
Apperceptive agnosia is:
Respuesta
  • the inability to recognize shapes, copy drawings, or identify objects
  • the inability to appreciate music
  • a deficit in language production
  • an inability to see even though the early visual system is fully functional

Pregunta 132

Pregunta
If a waveform took 4 seconds to complete a single cycle, the frequency would be _________.
Respuesta
  • 4 Hz
  • 0.25 Hz
  • 2 Hz
  • 0.5 Hz

Pregunta 133

Pregunta
An equiluminant stimulus that contains only a chromatic boundary (chromatic contrast) will NOT be discerned by
Respuesta
  • the parvocellular stream
  • the magnocellular stream
  • both the parvocellular and magocellular streams
  • blobs

Pregunta 134

Pregunta
Protanopes lack
Respuesta
  • LWS cones
  • cyanolabe-containing photoreceptors
  • chlorolabe-containing photoreceptors
  • y-b channels
  • both a and c

Pregunta 135

Pregunta
Form perception takes place in which neural pathway?
Respuesta
  • magnocellular
  • koinocellular
  • parvocellular
  • retino-cellula

Pregunta 136

Pregunta
Size constancy is highly dependent on being able to:
Respuesta
  • use both eyes
  • use a ruler
  • the illuminant
  • the presence of environmental distance cues

Pregunta 137

Pregunta
What usually happens when a participant is shown a pattern that can be interpreted in one of two ways (i.e. ambiguous figure), after being shown a pattern that is unambiguously one interpretation or the other?
Respuesta
  • The interpretation of the ambiguous figure is always the same
  • The interpretation of the unambiguous pattern depends on bottom-up processing of the ambiguous figure.
  • The interpretation of the ambiguous pattern is different each time it is perceived.
  • The interpretation of the ambiguous pattern depends on which unambiguous interpretation was shown.

Pregunta 138

Pregunta
Based on research demonstrating the possibility of perceiving "forbidden colours", what conclusion(s) can be drawn?
Respuesta
  • participants are unable to perceive combinations of opponent colours
  • colour opponency in the brain has a softwired stage that can be disabled
  • colour opponency is hardwired in the brain and unmalleable
  • when colours are presented in side-by-side fields of unequal luminance, combinations of opponent colours can be perceived
  • both b and d

Pregunta 139

Pregunta
A rabbit sees a predator running towards him from the side, and hops out of the way. His ability to judge the trajectory of the predator is based on
Respuesta
  • binocular disparity
  • monocular cues
  • texture interactions
  • elevation
  • the massive quantities of Easter eggs held in his basket

Pregunta 140

Pregunta
A high-quality narrow-band "yellow" filter (which only passes light in the range from 580 to 590 nm) looks identical to a broad-band "yellow" cellophane filter (which passes all lights longer than 500 nm) when they are each held in front of a white screen. A "blue" filter that only passes lights shorter than 500 nm is placed in front of a light source shining on the white screen (so that only "blue" light strikes the screen). You hold the "yellow" filters in front of your eyes (one at a time) and observe the "blue" screen; the screen now appears
Respuesta
  • "green" through either filter
  • "white" through either filter
  • "green" through the narrow-band filter, "white" through the broad-band filter
  • "green through the bread-band filter, "black" through the narrow-band filter.
  • "black" through the broad-band filter because of context, "green'"through the narrow filter

Pregunta 141

Pregunta
The ability to prime one version of an ambiguous picture (for example the duck/rabbit picture shown in class) is referred to as:
Respuesta
  • perceptual set
  • priming
  • both a and b
  • non of the above

Pregunta 142

Pregunta
The idea of simultaneous contrast was proposed by Wallach and suggests that:
Respuesta
  • we process the overall contrast of the entire visual scene all at the same time
  • we compare the amount of light reflected by objects with the amount of light reflected by adjacent regions in the visual field
  • we process contrast based only on the nature of the illuminant
  • Retinex theory is wrong

Pregunta 143

Pregunta
The McCullough after-effect demonstrates
Respuesta
  • a short-lived complimentary colour afterimage
  • a long-lived contingent colour aftereffect that is orientation dependent
  • a short-lived, complimentary colour aftereffect that is orientation independent
  • the importance of visual and auditory cues to establish proper perceptions of mouth and phonetic sounds
  • combined orientation selectivity of the visual system with tonotopic organization of the auditory system

Pregunta 144

Pregunta
What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up processing?
Respuesta
  • Top-down processing is dependent upon the properties of the stimulus presented; bottom-up processing is the influence of higher cognitive factors on information processing
  • Top-down processing is the influence of higher cognitive factors on information processing; bottom-up processing is dependent upon the properties of the stimulus presented
  • Top-down processing is fast; bottom-up processing is slow
  • Top-down processing is always done in parallel; bottom-up processing is always serial

Pregunta 145

Pregunta
By considering each primary amount as a proportion of the total energy
Respuesta
  • you can develop a colour space with a unit plane that represents luminance
  • you can eliminate negative primary amounts in a metameric colour match
  • you can normalize all amounts to a known standard "white" reference light
  • you can collapse one of the three primary axes to covert into a 2-dimensional matching space

Pregunta 146

Pregunta
Burr (1987) explored the way in which the apparent brightness of bar centres changed at higher contrast, and concluded that the following two systems operate
Respuesta
  • the magnocellular system operates best at high contrast, while the parvocellular system operates best at contrast less than 10%
  • at low contrast brightness is matched, at high contrast here is a contrast dependent system
  • at low contrasts there is a contrast-dependent system, and at high contrast, brightness is matched
  • none of the above

Pregunta 147

Pregunta
In Marr's Computational Algorithm of vision, a zero-crossing is:
Respuesta
  • a spatial change in intensity in an image
  • characterized by the second derivative of sudden changes in intensity
  • the basis for the raw primal sketch
  • all of the above

Pregunta 148

Pregunta
In the class demonstration on depth, while you looked at the yellow box on the screen your finger appeared coupled. This is due to
Respuesta
  • crossed diplopia
  • uncrossed diplopia
  • fused, crossed disparity
  • fused, uncrossed disparity

Pregunta 149

Pregunta
The tympanic membrane
Respuesta
  • funnels sound toward the malleus
  • is at the end of the external auditory canal
  • is where sound waves are transducer into a neural signal
  • is the interior boundary of the inner ear
  • is where you get 20x amplification necessary t push the stapes into the oval window

Pregunta 150

Pregunta
Auditory cortical evoked responses can be used to analyze neural activity at various regions along the central auditory pathway. The late cortical responses known as P1/N1 can be used as a measure of:
Respuesta
  • the early neural synchrony of the brainstem
  • auditory cortical maturity
  • a comparison of ipsilateral and contralateral auditory pathways
  • all of the above

Pregunta 151

Pregunta
In the Forbidden Colours assigned reading, why was it important for the researchers to track participant eye positions and use mirrors?
Respuesta
  • So that participants could remain aware of their focal point
  • to keep the colour field stabilized, and thus frozen in place on the participant's retina
  • to keep track of which part of the colour field the participant was looking at during the experiment
  • all of the above were important reasons
  • The researchers did not use mirrors

Pregunta 152

Pregunta
What would be the advantage of a rabbit having its eyes on the sides of its head as opposed to having both eyes face forward?
Respuesta
  • It would give the rabbit better size constancy
  • It would give the rabbit better depth perception
  • It would give the rabbit a wider field of vision
  • It would give the rabbit better colour perception

Pregunta 153

Pregunta
Why is it important to use two colour fields of equal luminance when trying to see forbidden hues?
Respuesta
  • Merged fields of unequal luminance would appear desaturated
  • This protocol minimizes 'flickering'
  • This protocol enhances contrast sensitivity
  • None of the above, the fields should have difference luminance levels

Pregunta 154

Pregunta
The main problem with Gestalt psychology is that
Respuesta
  • it does not account for many perceptual phenomena
  • they are not really laws, but more like heuristics
  • it is inconsistent with the step-wise approach of visual neural systems
  • all of the above

Pregunta 155

Pregunta
When moving towards an object while fixating on it, objects that are in the periphery will
Respuesta
  • undergo greater displacement if they are closer to the fixation point
  • undergo less displacement if they are further away from the fixation point
  • undergo greater disparity if they are further from the fixation point
  • none of the above

Pregunta 156

Pregunta
The nodal point is
Respuesta
  • found just behind the cornea and is the source for all corneal reflections
  • critical for shape constancy
  • a hypothetical focal plane that represents a thin lens power equivalent for the eye
  • the actual power position of a thick lens system that ensures proper retinal focus

Pregunta 157

Pregunta
By definition, one sone is equal to
Respuesta
  • the loudness sensation produced by a 4000 Hz tone at 10 dB SPL.
  • the frequency sensation produced by a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SPL.
  • the frequency sensation produced by a 4000 Hz tone at 10 dB SPL.
  • the loudness sensation produced by a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SPL.

Pregunta 158

Pregunta
The way to have an additive mixture of colours using paints is to
Respuesta
  • make sure the coloured areas are very small to achieve assimilation
  • have all coloured areas very large to achieve chromatic induction
  • use only desaturated colours to simulate light from the sun
  • superimpose narrow-band interference filters to get such mixed colour effects as 'green'

Pregunta 159

Pregunta
When switching between two colours very rapidly produces the least impression of "flickering" to a participant, those two colours are likely to be
Respuesta
  • opponents
  • more different in contrast
  • on opposite ends of the wavelength spectrum
  • equiluminant
  • more different in saturation

Pregunta 160

Pregunta
The critical component to understanding speech is
Respuesta
  • The cochlear spectral analysis of the frequencies contained in a speech sample
  • The temporal envelope of a speech sample
  • The fine frequency details contained in a speech sample
  • all of the above

Pregunta 161

Pregunta
Consider the two images (real bunny and ambiguous bunny/duck) below. If I first show you image A, you will be more likely to see a bunny than a duck in the ambiguous figure in image B. Why?
Respuesta
  • Context
  • Prior learning & experience
  • Top-down processing
  • All of the above

Pregunta 162

Pregunta
What do the authors of the Forbidden Colours reading mean when they refer to "reddish-green"?
Respuesta
  • A muddy brown that might result from mixing red and green paints
  • The yellow that comes from combining red and green light
  • A single colour that looks both reddish and greenish at the same time, in the same place
  • The texture of a pointillist's field of equal numbers of red and green dots

Pregunta 163

Pregunta
The effect that a complex wave produces on the basilar membrane is that
Respuesta
  • all of the harmonics produce their peak undulations at progressively increasing distances from each other
  • the fundamental frequency is represented towards the base, with each successive harmonic being represented towards the apex
  • the fundamental frequency is represented towards the apex, with each successive harmonic being represented towards the base
  • all of the harmonics produce their peak undulations at the fundamental frequency

Pregunta 164

Pregunta
In the Retinex theory, lightness is
Respuesta
  • built up from the ratios of luminances at various borders
  • built up exclusively from the mean luminance of the image
  • the same as brightness enhancement
  • defined as reflectance
  • the same as brightness

Pregunta 165

Pregunta
Studies that examine perceptual breakdowns involving forbidden colours and biased geometric hallucinations are important because...
Respuesta
  • they provide a window into the phenomenon of visual opponency
  • they provide insight into acquired injuries that cause achromatopsia
  • they might lead to the development of tests for macular degeneration
  • all of the above

Pregunta 166

Pregunta
In the colour circle, colours that are more saturated are
Respuesta
  • low on the vertical axis of the circle
  • on the periphery of the circle
  • high on the vertical axis of the circle
  • in the centre of the circle

Pregunta 167

Pregunta
The Weber constant for sound intensity discrimination is
Respuesta
  • constant across a broad range of intensities
  • lower at high intensities and gradually declines as intensity increases
  • higher at low intensities and gradually declines as intensity increases
  • none of the above

Pregunta 168

Pregunta
Upon discovering a bug in an ear canal, a hearing health care clinical should
Respuesta
  • spray the ear with disinfectant
  • calmly reassure the patient and remove the bug if possible
  • calmly leave the room and call a physician
  • cry out in alarm and quickly leave the room

Pregunta 169

Pregunta
What is the effect on perception when a shaw cast on paper is outlined with a pencil?
Respuesta
  • The shadow appears lighter because the pencil line is dark by comparison
  • There is no effect on perceived lightness because the pencil line is a very minor part of the pattern on the retina
  • The shadow appears darker
  • Simultaneous contrast dictates that the shadow would appear lighter
  • None of the above

Pregunta 170

Pregunta
Characterizing the intensity of a stimulus in isolation is referred to as
Respuesta
  • saturation estimation
  • brightness
  • chroma
  • related hue compliments

Pregunta 171

Pregunta
Although the physical spectrum of a particular stimulus will produce a distinct hue
Respuesta
  • a specific hue is always associated with a unique physical spectrum
  • a small number of different spectra will produce the same hue
  • a specific hue is not necessarily associated with a unique physical spectrum
  • none of the above

Pregunta 172

Pregunta
Chroma can be influenced by
Respuesta
  • saturation
  • wavelength
  • brightness
  • lightness
  • all of the above

Pregunta 173

Pregunta
Normal cochlear function and abnormal neural patterns in the auditory brainstem can be detected in infants using otoacoustic emission and auditory brainstem response tests. This condition is known as:
Respuesta
  • Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder
  • Auditory dyssynchrony
  • Auditory pattern disorder
  • Both a and b

Pregunta 174

Pregunta
Connexin 26 is a genetic inheritance that causes hearing loss in children. Cx26 is expressed in the stria vascular and acts by:
Respuesta
  • affecting the recycling of calcium, thereby causing inner hair cell death
  • altering potassium homeostasis, thereby affecting the electrochemical potential generation
  • depleting the gap junction at the spatial ganglion, preventing action potential of the cochlea
  • increasing outer hair cell response, which generates large otoacoustic emissions

Pregunta 175

Pregunta
The rate at which the _____ opens and closes is primarily responsible for the fundamental frequency of the voice signals
Respuesta
  • lips
  • trachea
  • larynx
  • glottis

Pregunta 176

Pregunta
The fact that there is some 'redness' in the appearance of short-wavelength 'violet' light points to the fact that
Respuesta
  • there is some S-cone contribution to the r-g channel
  • there is some S-cone contributions to M+L 'yellow' side of the y-b channel
  • opponency doesn't really work
  • there is temporal sluggishness to the chromatic opponent channels
  • S cones are really manifestations of later evolved rods

Pregunta 177

Pregunta
A narrow psychological tuning curve means that
Respuesta
  • the internal filter has a high degree of intensity selectivity
  • the internal filter has a high degree of frequency selectivity
  • the internal filter has a low degree of intensity selectivity
  • the internal filter has a low degree of frequency selectivity

Pregunta 178

Pregunta
Which of the following colour phenomena is best explained by the trichromatic theory?
Respuesta
  • metametic matches
  • afterimages
  • colour mixing of red and green
  • yellow as a primary

Pregunta 179

Pregunta
Studies using cortical imaging have suggested that the auditory cortex will become involved in with visual stimuli when:
Respuesta
  • the auditory system is not stimulated appropriately at an early age
  • auditory and visual stimuli are coordinated in the McGurk Effect
  • cochlear implants are used
  • the auditory cortex is involved in auditory localization activity

Pregunta 180

Pregunta
In order to make a proper assessment of colour constancy for a given object, regardless of radical changes in the colour signal entering the eye, one must assume
Respuesta
  • proportional changes in the surface reflectance properties for different wavelenghts
  • there are changes in the cone spectral sensitivities in the eye based on "cone" counts
  • there are changes in the illuminant emitting different photons falling on the objects surface
  • there is illuminant invariance

Pregunta 181

Pregunta
The equal loudness contour shows that
Respuesta
  • progressively higher intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness perception as frequencies become high
  • progressively lower intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness as frequencies move toward the extreme ends of the spectrum
  • progressively higher intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness perception as frequencies become high or low
  • progressively higher intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness perception as frequencies become low

Pregunta 182

Pregunta
What is meant by "constancy"?
Respuesta
  • the physical characteristics of objects do not change under different viewing conditions
  • the physical characteristics of objects are only the same under the same viewing conditions
  • an unchanging illuminant
  • an object must be maintained at the same orientation to identify it

Pregunta 183

Pregunta
In an "unstructured filled" when there is no structure or form to give cues to size or distance of objects
Respuesta
  • objects are easily identifies as the same size despite subtending different visual angles
  • subjects are more likely to obey the law of constant visual angle
  • two identical objects may appear to differ in size when arranged at two different distances
  • a and b
  • b and c

Pregunta 184

Pregunta
Early studies of the acoustic cues that are important in deciphering the speech signal revealed that
Respuesta
  • we need higher frequencies to identify vowel sounds and lower frequencies to identify consonants
  • we need more detailed frequency information to understand most speech sounds
  • our auditory system is capable of understanding many speech sounds with only a limited amount of frequency information
  • None of the above.

Pregunta 185

Pregunta
Rarefaction occurs when
Respuesta
  • air pressure decreases
  • air molecules move away from each other
  • air molecules compress
  • air pressure increases

Pregunta 186

Pregunta
Tempo refers to
Respuesta
  • the perceptual organization of a melodic sequence based on temporal grouping of musical tones
  • a sequence of musical tones that forms a succession of pitches in musical time
  • the pattern of pitch changes as a function of time
  • the perceived speed of presentation of musical notes in a melodic sequence

Pregunta 187

Pregunta
According to colour contrast, colours look more vivid when they're surrounded by...
Respuesta
  • "black"
  • "grey"
  • "white"
  • their complimentary colour

Pregunta 188

Pregunta
When a complex tone that is made up of an orderly set of harmonic components is listened to, the listener perceives
Respuesta
  • a single tone that corresponds to the average frequency of all the tones
  • a single tone that corresponds to the fundamental frequency
  • the individual tones in harmony
  • white noise

Pregunta 189

Pregunta
The reason that sunlight appears white is because
Respuesta
  • subtractive colour mixing predicts that sunlight is white.
  • all other colours of the spectrum are absorbed by surrounding objects
  • white light is the only colour reflected by the sun
  • it is a mixture of all the spectral colours

Pregunta 190

Pregunta
Sounds that have a frequency below 20Hz
Respuesta
  • are called infrasonic
  • are never perceptible to humans
  • are called ultrasonic
  • none of the above

Pregunta 191

Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT an X-linked congenital colour vision defect?
Respuesta
  • Protanomalous trichromat
  • Protanopia
  • Deuteranopia
  • Tritanopia
  • Deuteranomalous trichromat

Pregunta 192

Pregunta
Deuteranopes lack
Respuesta
  • SWS cones
  • cyanolabe-containing photoreceptors
  • chlrorolabe-containing photoreceptors
  • y-b channels
  • both a and b

Pregunta 193

Pregunta
Why might the magno system respond both to movement and to the many cues used to judge distance and spatial relations?
Respuesta
  • Because the magno system can detect equiluminant parts and organize them into wholes
  • Because the magno system can combine the visual properties of an object in a way that enables it to perceive the image as a whole, thereby freeing the parvo system to see details
  • Because the magno system has a higher acuity than the parvo system
  • Because the magno system is also sensitive at detecting an object's borders
  • Because the magno system differentiates the object whole from its surface properties

Pregunta 194

Pregunta
According to zone theories that combine trichromacy with opponency, MWS and LWS cone activity can signal for
Respuesta
  • both luminance and chromatic r-g channels.
  • both luminance and chromatic y-b channels
  • both r-g and y-b channels.
  • luminance, r-g, and y-b channels.
  • chromatic r-g channels.
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