14174981
Descripción
Test por Kathleen Jackson, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Kathleen Jackson
hace más de 6 años
|
|
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Which of the following is a systemic sign of infection?
Respuesta
-
Pain
-
Erythema
-
Swelling
-
Fatigue
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Which of the following does NOT directly determine the virulence of a microbe?
Respuesta
-
Whether its gram positive or negative
-
Invasive qualities
-
Ability to mutate
-
Production of toxins
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
The widespread necrosis of respiratory mucosa caused by an influenza infection often gives rise to:
Respuesta
-
Subclinical infections
-
Primary infections
-
Secondary infections
-
Tertiary infections
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Which of the following bodily fluids would you expect to be sterile?
Respuesta
-
Blood
-
Vaginal discharge
-
Faeces
-
Sputum
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
That time during an infection when the infected person may experience a headache or fatigue and senses he or she is “coming down with something” is referred to as which of the following?
Respuesta
-
Subclinical
-
Acute
-
Prodromal
-
Incubation
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Which of the following is a local sign of infection?
Respuesta
-
Fever and leukocytosis
-
Headache and anorexia
-
Nausea, weight loss, and fatigue
-
Pain, erythema, and swelling
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
What are culture and sensitivity tests used for?
Respuesta
-
To provide a specific medium that supports maximum microbial growth
-
To provide living host cells for microbes requiring such for replication
-
To identify the causative microbe and the effective antimicrobial agent for it
-
To determine the type of microbe present in a specimen
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
What does leukocytosis frequently indicate?
Respuesta
-
Presence of viral infection
-
Presence of bacterial infection
-
Bone marrow damage
-
Immunosuppression
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Secondary immune deficiencies occur because of:
Respuesta
-
Lack of protein in the diet
-
Long term use of prednisone
-
Stressful job
-
All answers are correct
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
A common symptom of individuals with immunodeficiency is:
Respuesta
-
Anaemia
-
Recurrent infections
-
Lots of allergies
-
Auto antibody production
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Primary immune deficiencies occur because of:
Respuesta
-
bad nutrition
-
a genetic defect
-
recurrent infections
-
chronic diseases affecting the immune system
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Immunodeficiencies may result in an increased risk of infections by normally harmless microorganisms. These infections are referred to as:
Respuesta
-
transient
-
pathogenic
-
opportunistic
-
virulent
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which of the following is an effect of cytokines? They:
Respuesta
-
increase the rate of mitosis in tumors.
-
cause immediate pain.
-
activate and stimulate proliferation of B and T lymphocytes.
-
destroy antigens quickly.
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
An incompatible blood transfusion is an example of this type of hypersensitivity reaction:
Respuesta
-
Type IV
-
Type III
-
Type II
-
Type I
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Reaction to latex gloves (in most cases) is an example of what type of hypersensitivity reaction:
Respuesta
-
Type IV
-
Type III
-
Type II
-
Type I
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
In this type of reaction, the antigen and antibody combine forming an immune complex which then can get deposited into tissue for example the kidneys.
Respuesta
-
Type I
-
Type II
-
Type III
-
Type IV
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
A bee sting that causes a person to go into anaphylactic shock is an example of this type of hypersensitivity reaction:
Respuesta
-
Type I
-
Type II
-
Type III
-
Type IV
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
The first line of defense which changes very little during our lifetime is called
Respuesta
-
Passive immunity
-
Active immunity
-
Adaptive immune response
-
Innate immune response
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Humoral immunity is mediated by:
Respuesta
-
T lymphocytes (T cells).
-
B lymphocytes (B cells).
-
natural killer cells.
-
neutrophils.
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Which white blood cells are responsible for adaptive immunity:
Respuesta
-
Monocytes
-
Eosinophils
-
Neutrophils
-
Lymphocytes
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
A molecule that will stimulate the adaptive immune response:
Respuesta
-
Antigen
-
Pathogen
-
Immunoglobulin
-
Antibody
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Neutrophils:
Respuesta
-
produce histamine.
-
produce antibodies.
-
are elevated during an allergic response.
-
are phagocyte cells.
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
The role of memory cells is to:
Respuesta
-
change into an antibody-secreting cell following activation.
-
immediately secrete antibodies following the first exposure to antigen.
-
recognize the antigen and stimulate the immune response.
-
bind complement to the antibody.
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Humoral immunity is mediated by:
Respuesta
-
Natural killer cells
-
T cells
-
B cells
-
Neutrophils
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
The most abundant, actively motile, phagocytic leukocyte is the:
Respuesta
-
Neutrophil
-
Monocyte
-
Basophil
-
Macrophage
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Which cells are required to process and present antigens from foreign material as the initial step in the immune response?
Respuesta
-
T-helper cells
-
Macrophages
-
Eosinophils
-
Monocytes
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
The immunoglobulin that is found in tears and saliva is:
Respuesta
-
IgB
-
IgA
-
IgM
-
IgG
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Exposure to peanuts where the person goes into anaphylactic shock is an example of this type of hypersensitivity reaction:
Respuesta
-
Type III
-
Type I
-
Type II
-
Type IV
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
A common primary target for most immunosuppressant drugs is:
Respuesta
-
B cell activation
-
Macrophages
-
All cytokines
-
T cell activation
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
An autoimmune disease is:
Respuesta
-
an abnormal response to ingested food and drugs
-
failure of the immune system to distinguish self from nonself
-
an extreme response to normally harmless material in the environment
-
excessive formation of antibodies following exposure to foreign material
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
When an allergen binds with IgE antibodies on mast cells, resulting in release of chemical mediators, this reaction is called:
Respuesta
-
Delay hypersensitivity
-
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
-
Immune complex hypersensitivity
-
Type 1 hypersensitivity
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Autoimmunity arises when a breakdown in 'self-
Respuesta
-
Specificity
-
Immunity
-
Memory
-
Tolerance
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
A 22-year-old prostitute was recently diagnosed with HIV. A decrease in which of the following cell types would be expected to accompany this virus?
Respuesta
-
CD8 T cells
-
T memory cells
-
CD4 T cells
-
B cells
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Primary immune deficiencies occur because of:
Respuesta
-
A genetic defect
-
HIV
-
Excessive emotional stress
-
Lack of vitamin C
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
A 30-year-old male was diagnosed with HIV. Which of the following treatments would be effective?
Respuesta
-
ribavirin
-
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
-
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
-
inhibitors of metabolism
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Which type of immunity is provided by a vaccination?
Respuesta
-
Passive natural
-
Active artificial
-
Active natural
-
Passive artificial
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT a cause of immunodeficiency?
Respuesta
-
Hypoplasia of the thymus
-
Immunosuppresive agents
-
Atrophy of lymph nodes
-
Delayed hypersensitivity
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
All of the following are factors that promote healing EXCEPT:
Respuesta
-
Effective circulation
-
Advanced age
-
Good nutrition: protein, vitamins A & C
-
A clean, undisturbed wound
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
A raised thickened scar that grows beyond the wound margin is
Respuesta
-
Keloid scar
-
Epithelialisation
-
Ulcer
-
Hypertrophic scar
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
The purpose of inflammation include all the following except:
Respuesta
-
Eliminate/neutralise injurious agent
-
To remove body toxins
-
Localise injury and prevent further damage
-
Clean-up tissue for healing
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
The first phagocytic cell(s) to enter a site of injury are:
Respuesta
-
Neutrophils
-
Macrophages
-
Monocytes
-
Lymphocytes
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Systemic manifestations of inflammation include all EXCEPT:
Respuesta
-
Pyrexia
-
Malaise
-
Regional swelling
-
Anorexia
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Pathophysiology may be defined as the study of:
Respuesta
-
Disease patterns
-
Disease causes
-
How disease develop and alter body function
-
A collection of signs and symptoms
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Glucocorticoids are produced by
Respuesta
-
The hypothalamus
-
The spleen
-
The thymus glands
-
The adrenal glands
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
The mechanism of action of glucocorticoids include all of the following except:
Respuesta
-
Inhibit of helper T cells
-
Prevent the synthesis of arachidonic acid
-
Increase production of antibodies
-
Inhibit protein synthesis of chemical mediators
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Which of the following effects is NOT one typically associated with glucocorticoids?
Respuesta
-
Reduced prostaglandin sythesis
-
Stimulation of fat and protein break down
-
Reduced bone density
-
Increased sodium and water retention
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Patients taking glucocorticoids for long periods of time are likely to develop all of the following
Respuesta
-
Opportunistic infections
-
Decreased bone density
-
Increased leukocyte production
-
Wasting skeletal muscle
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Which of the following drugs relieves fever and some types of pain but is NOT an anti-inflammatory agent?
Respuesta
-
Paracetamol
-
Prednisone
-
Asprin
-
Ibuprofen
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Drugs that have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities include:
1. COX-2 inhibitors (NSAIDs).
2. glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisone).
3. ibuprofen (NSAID).
4. paracetamol.
5. aspirin.
Respuesta
-
1,2
-
2,4
-
1,3,5
-
1,4,5
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
All of the following are correct statements regarding wound healing EXCEPT:
Respuesta
-
Resolution occurs where there is minimal tissue damage and the cells can recover.
-
Regeneration occurs where the cells are capable of mitosis.
-
Granulation tissue forms a permanent replacement for damaged tissue.
-
Scar tissue forms where the surrounding cells are incapable of mitosis
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Which of the following factors generally WOULD NOT delay wound healing?
Respuesta
-
Poor nutrition
-
Adequate serum levels of Vitamins A & C
-
Hypoxia
-
Advanced age
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
exudates are thick, yellow/green and typically indicates a bacterial infection
Respuesta
-
Serous
-
Fibrinous
-
Purulent
-
Haemorrhagic
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Systemic manifestations of inflammation include all EXCEPT:
Respuesta
-
Pyrexia
-
Malaise
-
Regional swelling
-
Anorexia
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Chemical mediators released during inflammatory response include:
Respuesta
-
Albumin and fibrinogen
-
Growth factors and cell enzymes
-
Histamine and prostaglandins
-
Macrophages and neutrophils
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
Aetiology is defined as the study of the:
Respuesta
-
causes of a disease
-
course of a disease
-
expected complications of a disease
-
manifestations of a disease
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Identify the proper sequence in the healing process
Respuesta
-
1)A blood clot forms; 2) granulation tissue grows into the gap; 3) new blood vessels develop; 4) phagocytosis of foreign material and cell debris occurs; 5) and collagen fibers form a tight, strong scar.
-
1)Foreign material and cell debris are removed by phagocytes; 2) a blood clot forms; 3) granulation tissue grows into the gap; 4) new blood vessels form; 5) and collagen fibers grow and cross-link.
-
1) A blood clot forms; 2) phagocytes remove foreign material and cell debris; 3) granulation tissue grows into the gap; 4) new blood vessels form; 5) and collagen fibers promote formation of a tight, strong scar.
-
1) Collagen fibers form in the damaged area; 2) a blood clot forms; 3) granulation tissue grows into the gap; 4) angiogenesis takes place; 5) and foreign material and cell debris are removed by phagocytes.
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?
Respuesta
-
Unplanned death of a group of cells
-
Preprogrammed cell self-destruction
-
Increase rate of mitosis of cells
-
Necrotic tissue invaded by bacteria
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
A patient is on a high dose of glucocorticoids to treat lupus. Which of the following blood tests would a nurse be most concerned about?
Respuesta
-
Blood glucose
-
Liver enzymes
-
Clotting time
-
pH
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
A patient with type 1 diabetes was prescribed a glucocorticoid for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Which will the nurse expect in the treatment plan?
Respuesta
-
A decrease in the amount of insulin needed
-
An increase in the amount of insulin needed
-
No change in the amount of insulin needed
-
An increase in the need for carbohydrates
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Inflammation is a non-specific response to:
Respuesta
-
Any injury to vascularised tissue
-
Cold temperatures
-
Micro-organisms only
-
Foreign material only
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Histamines are produced from ? and cause ?.
Respuesta
-
Plasma proteins; increased platelet aggregation
-
Mast cells; vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
-
All cell membranes; pain
-
Platelets; attraction of neurophils
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
A broad-spectrum bactericidal agent would be expected to:
Respuesta
-
reduce the replication of many bacteria.
-
reduce the growth of many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
-
destroy many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
-
destroy all pathogenic microbes
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
Bacterial mutation means that:
Respuesta
-
pathogens become nonpathogens
-
the host's immune response to that bacteria is strengthened
-
the bacteria survives adverse conditions but can no longer replicate
-
its genetic information has changed
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
Pathogenicity:
Respuesta
-
is the capacity of microbes to cause disease/infection
-
is the size of a specific microbe
-
is the presence of toxins in the blood
-
is the presence of viruses in the blood
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
Exotoxins:
Respuesta
-
are very heat tolerant
-
may cause fever and fatigue
-
can disrupt cellular metabolic and signalling processes causing widespread damage
-
can be incorporated into the structure of the cell membrane as liposaccharides
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
Gram negative bacteria have
Respuesta
-
A thick peptidoglycan layer cell wall
-
A thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane.
-
No cell wall only a thick cell membrane
-
require oxygen as a source of energy and therefore for growth.
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
Protozoa:
Respuesta
-
are multicellular organisms
-
have intricate life cycles including egg, larvae and adults stages
-
replicate asexually by cell division
-
all of the answers are correct
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
Opportunistic infections are:
Respuesta
-
An infection by a non-pathogenic organism that has become pathogenic
-
The capacity of microbes to cause disease
-
Presence and multiplication of micro-organisms that is not yet causing disease
-
An organism participating in a symbiotic relationship with the host
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
What is a eukaryotic organism, that contains both a cell wall and cell membrane. When they cause an infection it is termed mycosis
Respuesta
-
Fungi
-
Virus
-
Bacteria
-
Protozoa
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
Which of the following factors would NOT increase the virulence of a specific microbe?
Respuesta
-
Secretion of endotoxins
-
Presence of a bacterial capsule
-
Secretion of enzymes
-
Size of the micro-organism
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
Triazole as an antifungal agent works by:
Respuesta
-
Disrupt the synthesis of its cell membrane
-
Disrupt DNA replication
-
Disrupt the synthesis of its cell wall
-
Inhibit hydrogen peroxide metabolism
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
An antimicrobial agent with a narrow spectrum of activity reflects a drug that has:
Respuesta
-
only a weak antibiotic action.
-
effectiveness against a relatively small variety of microbes.
-
a low potency.
-
a narrow margin of safety.
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
Which of the following signs would best indicate a bacterial infection (in comparison to a viral infection)?
Respuesta
-
The presence of pain
-
The presence of purelent exudate.
-
The presence of a serous exudate.
-
The presence of swelling.
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
During which period is the infectious disease fully developed?
Respuesta
-
Prodromal
-
Acute
-
Incubation
-
Aggresive
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
The structure of a virus includes:
Respuesta
-
a cell wall and membrane
-
metabolic enzymes and a cell wall
-
a protein coat and either DNA or RNA
-
a slime capsule and cilia
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
Bacteria:
Respuesta
-
require host cells in order to replicate
-
are prokaryotes
-
may cause mycosis
-
are contained within a capsid
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
Bacterial mutation means that:
Respuesta
-
pathogens become nonpathogens
-
the bacteria survives adverse conditions but can no longer replicate
-
its genetic information has changed
-
the host's immune response to that bacteria is strengthened
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT one of the four typical mechanisms of action of antibiotic agents
Respuesta
-
Affect bacterial folic acid synthesis
-
Inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis
-
Disrupt bacterial meiosis
-
Disrupt cell wall synthesis
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
Which of the following clinical manifestations is not one typically associated with anaphylaxis
Respuesta
-
Pruritus
-
Hypertension
-
Stridor
-
Syncopy
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT a cause of immunodeficiency?
Respuesta
-
Atrophy of lymph nodes
-
Immunosuppresive agents
-
Hypoplasia of the thymus
-
Delayed hypersensitivity
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
Primary immune deficiencies occur as a result of:
Respuesta
-
A genetic defect affecting immune cell number
-
Human immunodeficiency virus
-
Excessive emotional stress
-
Lack of vitamin C
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
An example of a live attenuated vaccine includes:
Respuesta
-
Polio
-
Rabies
-
DPT
-
Rubella
Pregunta 83
Pregunta
The main property of the adaptive immune response for immunity to previously encountered infections is:
Respuesta
-
Antigen specificity
-
Diversity
-
Memory
-
Self/non-self recognition
Pregunta 84
Pregunta
The role of memory cells is to
Respuesta
-
change into an antibody-secreting cell following activation.
-
immediately secrete antibodies following the first exposure to antigen.
-
recognize the antigen and stimulate an immune response.
-
activate the hippocampus in the CNS
Pregunta 85
Pregunta
White blood cells responsible for adaptive immunity:
Respuesta
-
Neutrophils
-
Lymphocytes
-
Monocytes
-
Eosinophils
Pregunta 86
Pregunta
Which cells are required to process and present antigens from foreign material as the initial step in the immune response?
Respuesta
-
T-helper cells
-
Macrophages
-
Eosinophils
-
Mast cells
Pregunta 87
Pregunta
A common primary target for most immunosuppressant drugs is:
Respuesta
-
Blocking cytokines
-
Suppressing B cell activation
-
Suppressing T cell activity
-
Suppressing macrophages
Pregunta 88
Pregunta
Some common treatments for immunodeficiency may include marrow or thymus transplants and:
Respuesta
-
Hyperbaric treatments
-
Blood transfusions and narrow spectrum antibiotics
-
Prophylactic antibiotics and cytokine stimulants
-
Antibiotics and radiation therapy
Pregunta 89
Pregunta
Interferons work by:
Respuesta
-
Suppress viral replication in infected cells
-
Stimulates cytokine production
-
Inhibit macrophage activity
-
Inducing fever
Pregunta 90
Pregunta
The immune system identifies foreign organisms via the recognition of surface:
Respuesta
-
antigens
-
cytokines
-
interferons
-
antibodies
Pregunta 91
Pregunta
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with a:
Respuesta
-
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
-
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
-
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
-
Type I hypersensitivity reaction
Pregunta 92
Pregunta
Systemic lupus erythematosus is caused by:
Respuesta
-
development of an immune-deficient state.
-
a chronic allergic condition.
-
immune complex deposits of anti DNA/RNA antibodies.
-
a deficiency of T lymphocytes.
Pregunta 93
Pregunta
The type of white blood cells that contains chemical mediators and plays an important part in allergic inflammatory responses is the:
Respuesta
-
Basophil
-
Neutrophil
-
Monocyte
-
Macrophage
Pregunta 94
Pregunta
The common local effects of an expanding tumour mass include:
1. obstruction of a tube or duct.
2. anemia and weight loss.
3. cell necrosis and ulceration.
4. tumour markers in the circulation.
Respuesta
-
1,2
-
2,4
-
1,3
-
1,2,3,4
Pregunta 95
Pregunta
Which of the following does paraneoplastic syndrome refer to?
Respuesta
-
The decreased resistance to infection resulting from malignant tumors
-
The effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells
-
The effects of multiple metastatic tumors
-
Severe weight loss and cachexia associated with advanced cancer
Pregunta 96
Pregunta
Ultraviolet light is considered a carcinogen because:
Respuesta
-
It produces a carcinogenic enzyme in skin cells
-
It introduces errors into DNA (genes)
-
It directly prevents telomere shortening
-
It directly prevents DNA repair
Pregunta 97
Pregunta
First line treatment for testicular cancer always involves
Respuesta
-
nodulectomy
-
chemotherapy
-
radiation
-
orchidectomy
Pregunta 98
Pregunta
Staging systems used to classify a malignant tumour at the time of diagnosis are based on which of the following factors?
Respuesta
-
Size, encapsulated or non-encapsulated, invasion into neighboring tissue
-
Size of the tumour, involvement of lymph nodes, metastases
-
Location of tumour, size, type of cellular abnormality
-
Type of cellular abnormality, size of secondary tumours, location/tissue affected
Pregunta 99
Pregunta
Why is a patient with prostate cancer prescribed an estrogen?
Respuesta
-
To soften prostatic tissue
-
To decrease the rate of replication for malignant cells
-
To achieve hormonal balance
-
To suppress prostate gland function
Pregunta 100
Pregunta
Seeding refers to:
Respuesta
-
Spread of cancer cells in body cavities/membranes
-
Spread of cancer cells into the nearest lymph node
-
Local spread of cancer cells within a tissue
-
Spread of cancer cells to distant sites in the body by blood or lymph
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