Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Label this image to describe the gross anatomy of the kidney.
Respuesta
-
Cortical blood vessels
-
Interlobar blood vessels
-
Hilum
-
Renal vein
-
Renal nerve
-
Renal artery
-
Ureter
-
Renal pelvis
-
Major calyx
-
Minor calyx
-
Arcuate blood vessels
-
Pyramid
-
Papilla
-
Renal column
-
Cortex
-
Capsule
-
Medulla
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Label this image to show the functional unit of the kidney - the nephron.
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Label this image to show the anatomy of the renal corpuscle.
Respuesta
-
Proximal convoluted tubule
-
Glomerulus
-
Bowman's capsule
-
Renal corpuscle
-
Efferent arteriole
-
Afferent arteriole
-
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
-
Macula densa cell
-
Mesangial cell
-
Granular juxtaglomerular cell
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Why do capillaries in the glomerulus have relatively high permeability?
Respuesta
-
Highly fenestrated endothelium - wide pores
-
Wall is only single cell thick
-
Very narrow pores but in abundance
-
Endothelial cells are dense in transport proteins
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Label this image to show the cells surrounding a glomerular capillary.
Respuesta
-
Glycocalyx
-
Basement membrane
-
Endothelial cell
-
Mesangial cell
-
Fenestrations
-
Endothelial glycocalyx
-
Foot processes
-
Slit diaphragm
-
Glycolax
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
The basement membrane of the glomerulus has fixed anions throughout.
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
The branching processes of the podocytes make contact with those neighbouring them.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Which proteins listed here are responsible for the joining of podocyte foot processes to contibute towards filtration?
Respuesta
-
Nephrin
-
Podocin
-
Dystrophin
-
Integrin
-
Laminin
-
Fibronectin
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
How does nephrin between the podocyte foot processes contribute towards filtration?
Respuesta
-
Strong negative charge repels protein to prevent it from entering the Bowman's space
-
Strong positive charge attracts sodium to ensure it enters the Bowman's space
-
Forms a mesh-like membrane that prevents large molecules from crossing
-
Is protonated by hyrogen ions to prevent them from crossing into the Bowman's space
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus have smooth muscle properties that change the surface area of the basement membrane?
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
What is the function of the granular juxtaglomerular cells?
Respuesta
-
Secrete renin into the blood of the afferent arteriole
-
Secrete renin into the distal convoluted tubule
-
Have smooth muscle properties to change the surface area of the basement membrane
-
Detect sodium concentration of the fluid in the ascending loop
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect sodium concentration of the fluid in the ascending loop of Henle?
Respuesta
-
Macula densa
-
Granular cells
-
Mesangial cells
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
What do we describe the peritubular capillaries as in relation to the loop of Henle?
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Glomerular filtration is passive.
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
What is true of the relationship to glomerular filtration of molecular size?
Respuesta
-
Smaller size = more freely filtered
-
Smaller size = excluded
-
Smaller size = always reabsorbed
-
Smaller size = always secreted
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What is true of the relationship between glomerular filtration and molecular charge?
Respuesta
-
The basement membrane has fixed anions so attracts cations which are more able to enter the filtrate
-
The basement membrane has fixed cations so attracts anions which are more able to enter the filtrate
-
Charged molecules cannot enter the filtrate
-
All charged molecules enter the filtrate at the same rate
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Glomerular filtration rate is the [blank_start]volume[blank_end] of fluid filtered from glomeruli per [blank_start]minute[blank_end]. It is measured in [blank_start]ml[blank_end]/[blank_start]min[blank_end]. GFR depends on [blank_start]Starling[blank_end] force, the [blank_start]surface area[blank_end] of the filtration interface and the [blank_start]permeability[blank_end] of the capillaries. It is regulated by both [blank_start]neural[blank_end] and hormonal input.
Respuesta
-
volume
-
minute
-
ml
-
min
-
Starling
-
surface area
-
permeability
-
neural
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Fill in the blanks to describe the four Starling forces that contribute towards glomerular filtration rate.
The [blank_start]hydrostatic[blank_end] pressure of the capillaries is [blank_start]higher[blank_end] than the [blank_start]hydrostatic[blank_end] pressure of the Bowman's space. Thus, fluid is inclined to move [blank_start]out of[blank_end] the capillaries.
The [blank_start]colloid oncotic[blank_end] pressure in the capillary is [blank_start]higher[blank_end] in the capillaries than in the Bowman's capsule. Thus, fluid is inclined to move [blank_start]into[blank_end] the capillaries.
Despite this, the net glomerular filtration pressure is [blank_start]positive[blank_end], so fluid moves [blank_start]out of[blank_end] the capillaries.
Respuesta
-
hydrostatic
-
hydrostatic
-
higher
-
out of
-
colloid oncotic
-
higher
-
into
-
positive
-
out of
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
If we constrict the afferent arteriole...
We [blank_start]reduce[blank_end] the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] GFR.
If we dilate the afferent arteriole...
We [blank_start]increase[blank_end] the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and [blank_start]increase[blank_end] GFR.
If we constrict the efferent arteriole...
We [blank_start]increase[blank_end] the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and [blank_start]increase[blank_end] GFR.
If we dilate the efferent arteriole...
We [blank_start]reduce[blank_end] the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries and [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] GFR.
Respuesta
-
reduce
-
decrease
-
increase
-
increase
-
increase
-
increase
-
reduce
-
decrease
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Which nervous system innervates the glomerular mesangial cells covering the capillaries?
Respuesta
-
Sympathetic
-
Parasympathetic
-
Enteric
-
Somatic
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
How do we increase glomerular filtration rate by changing the surface area of the filtration interface?
Respuesta
-
Relax the mesangial cells to increase surface area of the basement membrane
-
Contract the mesangial cells to increase surface area of the basement membrane
-
Relax the macula densa to increase surface area of the basement membrane
-
Increase the number of pores in the fenestrated epithelium of the capillaries
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Secretion is the movement of solutes from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules AND the movement of molecules from the wall of the tubule directly into its lumen.
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Fill in the blanks below to describe the secretion of organic acids (anions) into the tubule.
1. Organic anion enters tubule epithelial cell from blood in exchange for [blank_start]dicarboxylate[blank_end] via an [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] dependent organic anion transporter (OAT).
2. [blank_start]Dicarboxylate[blank_end] accumulates in cell by [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end] and the action of [blank_start]Na+[blank_end] coupled transport to drive this co-transport.
3. The organic anion enters the tubule lumen via [blank_start]ATP[blank_end]-dependent transporters.
Respuesta
-
dicarboxylate
-
ATP
-
Dicarboxylate
-
metabolism
-
Na+
-
ATP
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
What molecule do organic acids (anions) enter the tubule epithelial cells with from the blood in secretion?
Respuesta
-
Dicarboxylate
-
Na+
-
Cl-
-
PAH
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
What transporters do organic cations enter the tubule epithelial cells via?
Respuesta
-
Facilitated organic cation transporters (OCT)
-
ATP-dependent organic cation transporters
-
Na+-dependent organic cation transporters
-
Multidrug/toxin extrusion antiporter proteins
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Which ions do organic bases enter the tubule lumen in exchange for during secretion?
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Which transporters do organic bases (cations) enter the tubule lumen via?
Respuesta
-
Multidrug/toxin extrusion antiporter proteins (MATEs)
-
Novel-type organic cation transporters (OCTNs)
-
Na+/K+ pumps
-
Facilitated organic cation transporters (OCTs)
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Reabsorption occurs in the [blank_start]proximal tubule[blank_end]. The epithelium here is [blank_start]simple columnar[blank_end] and has a [blank_start]brush-border[blank_end] to increase surface area. This epithelium is dense in [blank_start]mitochondria[blank_end] to supply primary and secondary active transporters. The tubule has [blank_start]Na+[blank_end] coupled cotransporters, a [blank_start]tubular maximum[blank_end] system whereby the membrane can be saturated and specific transporters for [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] and amino acids respectively.
Respuesta
-
proximal tubule
-
simple columnar
-
brush-border
-
mitochondria
-
Na+
-
tubular maximum
-
glucose
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
How are glucose, amino acids, phosphates and sulphates reabsorbed?
Respuesta
-
Na+ coupled cotransporters
-
Passive reabsorption
-
K+ coupled cotransporters
-
ATP-dependent transport proteins
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
How are urea, chloride, potassium and calcium ions reabsorbed?
Respuesta
-
Passive reabsorption
-
Na+ coupled cotransporters
-
ATP-dependent transport proteins
-
K+ coupled cotransporters
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
FIll in the blanks below to describe the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule.
1. Glucose is taken up via [blank_start]sodium[blank_end]-dependent glucose co-transporters (SGLT) on the [blank_start]luminal[blank_end] membrane.
2. The [blank_start]GLUT[blank_end] facilitated transporters on the [blank_start]basal[blank_end] membrane allows [blank_start]facilitated[blank_end] diffusion into the capillaries upon binding of [blank_start]glucose[blank_end].
3. The Na+/K+ [blank_start]ATPase[blank_end] maintains a [blank_start]concentration gradient[blank_end] of sodium by moving sodium out of the cell into the [blank_start]capillary[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
sodium
-
luminal
-
GLUT
-
basal
-
facilitated
-
glucose
-
ATPase
-
concentration gradient
-
capillary
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Why is there a renal threshold of glucose reabsorption?
Respuesta
-
The SGLT transporters become saturated at high concentrations of glucose
-
The SGLT transporters close at high concentrations of glucose
-
High concentrations of glucose cause contraction of the mesangial cells to reduce the surface area of the glomerular capillaries
-
The SGLT transporters don't open at low concentrations of glucose
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
The transporters required for reabsorption of amino acids in the tubule are specific to their properties (uncharged, acidic, basic etc)
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
How many sodium-dependent amino acid transporters are there?